Post by ivo on Nov 2, 2011 17:24:20 GMT -5
Romania: historical achievements and advancements
14th c. [Political] Principality of Wallachia
14th c. [Political] Principality of Modavia
14th c. [Military] Battle of Possada; outnumbered at possibly 3 to 1, Basarab I defeats a Hungarian army, thus obtaining credibility for the newly founded Principality of Wallachia
14th c. [Economy] Vladislav I introduces a Wallachian currency
14th c. [Military] The first Europeans in history to have driven out the Tatars and successfully settle on land previously held by them (ie. Eastern and Southern Moldavia).
14th c. [Military] Mircea the Old defended Wallachia against the Turks and conquered all of Dobrogea. Mircea held some supremacy in some locations south of Danube.
14th c. [Military] Battle of Rovine, Mircea the Old defeats the Ottomans and their vassals the Serbs. The battle lasted for an entire week and Mircea's forces were outnumbered at nearly 5 to 1.
14th c. (1395) [Cultural] The first school is founded in Braşov and recognized by the Pope. It has functioned without interruption to this day.
15th c. (1422AD) [Military] Moldavian defeat of the Teutonic knights in Poland. Significant in displaying military advancement and stability of the Moldavian principality, showing that at this point their army was able to face and defeat renowned Western European heavy cavalry (ie. the Teutonic knights).
15th c. [Military] Stephen the Great, outnumbered, he defeats the Ottoman armies on multiple occasions. He also defeated Hungary (Corvinus almost died, being thrice hit with arrows in his back as he tried to flee the battle), Crimean Khanate (the son of the Khan was executed), and Poland (dozens of nobles were killed). His later incursion into Poland, forced the Poles to permanently move the capital from Lviv and the Polish nobles were no longer allowed to keep long hair.
15th c. [Cultural] Stephen the Great's monasteries are listed on UNESCO's World Heritage.
15th c. [Military] Vlad Tepes lead multiple campaigns against the Ottomans achieving tactical victories; focusing on guerilla warfare and avoiding direct confrontation. His brutality earned him the name 'Vlad the Impaler'.
16th c. [Military] Michael the Brave; for the first time in history, he united the principalities that were later to be known as Romania
16th c. [Political] Principality of Transylvania
16th c. (1544) [Cultural] The first book in the Romanian language is printed in Transylvania.
16th c. [Military] Moldavian rulers made a name for themselves abroad and in other countries (following the successes against the Tatars?). A couple of Moldavian princes were Cossack hetmans (ie. Ioan Potcoava)
16th c. [Cultural/Political] Nicolaus Olahus (Archbishop of Upper Hungary, Primate of Hungary, Disinguished Roman-Catholic prelate Writer) As chancellor and confidant of Ferdinand I, Olahus possessed much political influence, which he exercised in the special interest of the Catholic religion. In 1562 he acted as Regent.
17th c. [Cultural/Political] Vasile Lupu introduced the first codified, written law in Moldavia (1646, published in Iaşi). Known as the Carte româneascǎ de învăţătură ("Romanian book of learning") or Pravila lui Vasile Lupu ("Vasile Lupu's code"), the document does not go against Byzantine tradition, being a translated review of customs (and almost identical to its Wallachian contemporary equivalent). Lupu was born in Arbanasi, an Albanian village in Bulgaria.
17th c. [Cultural] Șerban Cantacuzino, founded the first school of the Principality of Wallachia in Bucharest. During his reign, for the first time the Bible was printed in the Romanian language (Biblia de la Bucureşti - The Romanian Bible)
17th c. (1694) [Cultural] Saint Sava Academy is founded.
18th c. [Cultural/Political] Constantine Mavrocordatos issued reforms in the laws of each of the two Danubian Principalities, ensuring a more adequate taxation and a series of measures amounting to the emancipation of serfs. His reigns were distinguished by numerous tentative reforms in the fiscal and administrative systems, partly influenced by those of the Habsburg Monarchy during their presence in Oltenia; initiated in Wallachia, they were to be applied consistently in Moldavia as well.
18th c. [Cultural] Cantemir became a Renaissance Prince and scholar, his son was the first poet of Russia and friend of Voltaire. Dimitrie Cantemir writes Descriptio Moldaviae at the request of the University of Berlin. There, he describes the Romanian language and the Roman connection to our identity. He writes on the Ottoman history; his works have been used as a basis for other works by Western historians. His notes on the Ottoman and the Moldavian music of his day ensured that we have a better understanding of its sounds. He also wrote the first Romanian novel, the first critical history on Romanians and much more.
18th c. [Cultural] The Transylvanian School created the current phonetic system of the Romanian alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, largely derived from the Italian and the French alphabets. This replaced the use of the medieval Romanian Cyrillic alphabets as well as the previously Latin alphabet based phonetic system which had been based on the Hungarian alphabet. Another notable contribution of the Transylvanian School was the usage of the first French and Italian neologisms. This school is also responsible for the claims toward Roman origin of Transylvanian Romanians.
17th c. [Exploration] Nicolae Milescu, one of the first Europeans to explore Northern China eventually to become Russian ambassador.
? th c. [Military] Romanians in what is modern Slovakia and Southern Czech Republic battle the Habsburgs and the Turks; their legacy remains to this day.
17th c. (1694) [Cultural] Prince Constantin Brancoveanu initiates the founding of the Princely Academy of Bucharest, an institution of higher education, which laid the foundations of the Saint Sava College of the 19th c.
19th c. (1818) [Cultural] The history of superior technical education in Bucharest begins in 1818 , when Gheorghe Lazăr, an engineer from Transylvania, got the approval to open engineering lectures in Romanian language at St. Sava. The lectures were: arithmetics, theoretical geometry, trigonometry, algebra, geodesy, engineering economics (ingineria cu iconomia) and architecture.
19th c. (1859) [Political] Unification of the Principality of Wallachia with the Principality of Moldavia.
19th c. [Military] A Romanian contingent of 60,000 participates in the Russian onslaught against the Ottomans, resulting in the liberation of Bulgaria.
19th c. (1861) [Cultural] The Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People (ASTRA) is founded. It published multiple books in the Romanian language, as well as the first Romanian Encyclopedia.
19th c. (1863) [Cultural] Romanian literary society ‘Junimea’ is founded through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti, and Iacob Negruzzi. Junimea was the most influential intellectual and political association from Romania in the 19th c. This society brought a new wave of German influence, especially German philosophy, accommodating a new wave of Romanticism while also advocating and ultimately introducing Realism into local literature. Junimea also encouraged the accurate use of the Romanian language as well as a move towards professionalism and intensified research in the writting of history. Some of its promient figures notoriously opposed the the prevalent anti-Semetic sentiments of the political establishment.
19th c. (1871) [Cultural] The Young Romania Social and Literary Academic Society is found by Ioan Slavici and Mihai Eminescu.
19th c. (1818-1882) [Military] George Pomutz, officer during the Hungarian Revolution (1848). He became a general and diplomat in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
19th c. (1872) [Religious] Romanian Orthodox Church declares independence.
19th c. [Cultural] The melody of Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu's song, Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire, is adopted for the Albanian national anthem. Porumbescu died a Romanian Hero in an Austrian prison because he refused to fight his own people.
19th c. (1881) [Political] Kingdom of Romania, the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania unite
14th c. [Political] Principality of Wallachia
14th c. [Political] Principality of Modavia
14th c. [Military] Battle of Possada; outnumbered at possibly 3 to 1, Basarab I defeats a Hungarian army, thus obtaining credibility for the newly founded Principality of Wallachia
14th c. [Economy] Vladislav I introduces a Wallachian currency
14th c. [Military] The first Europeans in history to have driven out the Tatars and successfully settle on land previously held by them (ie. Eastern and Southern Moldavia).
14th c. [Military] Mircea the Old defended Wallachia against the Turks and conquered all of Dobrogea. Mircea held some supremacy in some locations south of Danube.
14th c. [Military] Battle of Rovine, Mircea the Old defeats the Ottomans and their vassals the Serbs. The battle lasted for an entire week and Mircea's forces were outnumbered at nearly 5 to 1.
14th c. (1395) [Cultural] The first school is founded in Braşov and recognized by the Pope. It has functioned without interruption to this day.
15th c. (1422AD) [Military] Moldavian defeat of the Teutonic knights in Poland. Significant in displaying military advancement and stability of the Moldavian principality, showing that at this point their army was able to face and defeat renowned Western European heavy cavalry (ie. the Teutonic knights).
15th c. [Military] Stephen the Great, outnumbered, he defeats the Ottoman armies on multiple occasions. He also defeated Hungary (Corvinus almost died, being thrice hit with arrows in his back as he tried to flee the battle), Crimean Khanate (the son of the Khan was executed), and Poland (dozens of nobles were killed). His later incursion into Poland, forced the Poles to permanently move the capital from Lviv and the Polish nobles were no longer allowed to keep long hair.
15th c. [Cultural] Stephen the Great's monasteries are listed on UNESCO's World Heritage.
15th c. [Military] Vlad Tepes lead multiple campaigns against the Ottomans achieving tactical victories; focusing on guerilla warfare and avoiding direct confrontation. His brutality earned him the name 'Vlad the Impaler'.
16th c. [Military] Michael the Brave; for the first time in history, he united the principalities that were later to be known as Romania
16th c. [Political] Principality of Transylvania
16th c. (1544) [Cultural] The first book in the Romanian language is printed in Transylvania.
16th c. [Military] Moldavian rulers made a name for themselves abroad and in other countries (following the successes against the Tatars?). A couple of Moldavian princes were Cossack hetmans (ie. Ioan Potcoava)
16th c. [Cultural/Political] Nicolaus Olahus (Archbishop of Upper Hungary, Primate of Hungary, Disinguished Roman-Catholic prelate Writer) As chancellor and confidant of Ferdinand I, Olahus possessed much political influence, which he exercised in the special interest of the Catholic religion. In 1562 he acted as Regent.
17th c. [Cultural/Political] Vasile Lupu introduced the first codified, written law in Moldavia (1646, published in Iaşi). Known as the Carte româneascǎ de învăţătură ("Romanian book of learning") or Pravila lui Vasile Lupu ("Vasile Lupu's code"), the document does not go against Byzantine tradition, being a translated review of customs (and almost identical to its Wallachian contemporary equivalent). Lupu was born in Arbanasi, an Albanian village in Bulgaria.
17th c. [Cultural] Șerban Cantacuzino, founded the first school of the Principality of Wallachia in Bucharest. During his reign, for the first time the Bible was printed in the Romanian language (Biblia de la Bucureşti - The Romanian Bible)
17th c. (1694) [Cultural] Saint Sava Academy is founded.
18th c. [Cultural/Political] Constantine Mavrocordatos issued reforms in the laws of each of the two Danubian Principalities, ensuring a more adequate taxation and a series of measures amounting to the emancipation of serfs. His reigns were distinguished by numerous tentative reforms in the fiscal and administrative systems, partly influenced by those of the Habsburg Monarchy during their presence in Oltenia; initiated in Wallachia, they were to be applied consistently in Moldavia as well.
18th c. [Cultural] Cantemir became a Renaissance Prince and scholar, his son was the first poet of Russia and friend of Voltaire. Dimitrie Cantemir writes Descriptio Moldaviae at the request of the University of Berlin. There, he describes the Romanian language and the Roman connection to our identity. He writes on the Ottoman history; his works have been used as a basis for other works by Western historians. His notes on the Ottoman and the Moldavian music of his day ensured that we have a better understanding of its sounds. He also wrote the first Romanian novel, the first critical history on Romanians and much more.
18th c. [Cultural] The Transylvanian School created the current phonetic system of the Romanian alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, largely derived from the Italian and the French alphabets. This replaced the use of the medieval Romanian Cyrillic alphabets as well as the previously Latin alphabet based phonetic system which had been based on the Hungarian alphabet. Another notable contribution of the Transylvanian School was the usage of the first French and Italian neologisms. This school is also responsible for the claims toward Roman origin of Transylvanian Romanians.
17th c. [Exploration] Nicolae Milescu, one of the first Europeans to explore Northern China eventually to become Russian ambassador.
? th c. [Military] Romanians in what is modern Slovakia and Southern Czech Republic battle the Habsburgs and the Turks; their legacy remains to this day.
17th c. (1694) [Cultural] Prince Constantin Brancoveanu initiates the founding of the Princely Academy of Bucharest, an institution of higher education, which laid the foundations of the Saint Sava College of the 19th c.
19th c. (1818) [Cultural] The history of superior technical education in Bucharest begins in 1818 , when Gheorghe Lazăr, an engineer from Transylvania, got the approval to open engineering lectures in Romanian language at St. Sava. The lectures were: arithmetics, theoretical geometry, trigonometry, algebra, geodesy, engineering economics (ingineria cu iconomia) and architecture.
19th c. (1859) [Political] Unification of the Principality of Wallachia with the Principality of Moldavia.
19th c. [Military] A Romanian contingent of 60,000 participates in the Russian onslaught against the Ottomans, resulting in the liberation of Bulgaria.
19th c. (1861) [Cultural] The Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People (ASTRA) is founded. It published multiple books in the Romanian language, as well as the first Romanian Encyclopedia.
19th c. (1863) [Cultural] Romanian literary society ‘Junimea’ is founded through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti, and Iacob Negruzzi. Junimea was the most influential intellectual and political association from Romania in the 19th c. This society brought a new wave of German influence, especially German philosophy, accommodating a new wave of Romanticism while also advocating and ultimately introducing Realism into local literature. Junimea also encouraged the accurate use of the Romanian language as well as a move towards professionalism and intensified research in the writting of history. Some of its promient figures notoriously opposed the the prevalent anti-Semetic sentiments of the political establishment.
19th c. (1871) [Cultural] The Young Romania Social and Literary Academic Society is found by Ioan Slavici and Mihai Eminescu.
19th c. (1818-1882) [Military] George Pomutz, officer during the Hungarian Revolution (1848). He became a general and diplomat in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
19th c. (1872) [Religious] Romanian Orthodox Church declares independence.
19th c. [Cultural] The melody of Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu's song, Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire, is adopted for the Albanian national anthem. Porumbescu died a Romanian Hero in an Austrian prison because he refused to fight his own people.
19th c. (1881) [Political] Kingdom of Romania, the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania unite