Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 24, 2010 18:01:17 GMT -5
Lessons from German (1871) and Italian unification that were successful where Prussia and Piedmont managed to due what Serbia failed at and that is cement a new powerful identity (German and Italian while erasing all other ones). Prussia and Piedmont were for starters far more meticulous and aggressive in this new nation building.
GERMANY
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Rise_of_German_nationalism_under_the_Napoleonic_System
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Realpolitik_and_the_North_German_Confederation
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Beyond_the_political_mechanism:_forming_a_nation
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Kulturkampf
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Realpolitik_and_the_North_German_Confederation
ITALY
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association
GERMANY
Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic System
Under the French Empire (1804–1814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. Due in part to the shared experience (albeit under French hegemony), various justifications emerged to identify "Germany" as a single state. For the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte,The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole.[3]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Rise_of_German_nationalism_under_the_Napoleonic_System
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The new North German Confederation had its own constitution, flag, and governmental and administrative structures. Prussia, under Bismarck's influence, had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany through military victory, but however much this policy lessened Austria's influence over the German states, it also splintered the spirit of pan-German unity: most of the German states resented Prussian power politics.[82]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Realpolitik_and_the_North_German_Confederation
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Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation
If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds and a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure, and the revised Customs Union of 1867–68, still did not make a nation.[104]
statue of the allegorical figure Germania
Germania, also called the Niederwald Monument,
was erected in 1877–83 at Rüdesheim.
A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequently—although not necessarily—through deliberate national policy.[105] In the new German nation, a Kulturkampf (1872–78) that followed political, economic, and administrative unification attempted to address, with a remarkable lack of success, some of the contradictions in German society. In particular, it involved a struggle over language, education, and religion. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population.[106]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Beyond_the_political_mechanism:_forming_a_nation
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Kulturkampf
For some Germans, the definition of nation did include pluralism, and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny; some Germans, and especially Bismarck, feared that the Catholics' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation. As chancellor, Bismarck tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its party-political arm, the Catholic Center Party, in schools and education and language-related policies. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands.[107] The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. The Congregations Law of 1875 abolished religious orders, ended state subsidies to the Catholic Church, and removed religious protections from the Prussian constitution.[108]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Kulturkampf
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Writing the story of the nation
Another important element in nation-building, the story of the heroic past, fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann (1785–1860), his conservative student, Heinrich von Treitschke (1834–1896), and others less conservative, such as Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903), and Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895), to name two. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification.[111]
Heinrich von Treitschke's History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century, published in 1879, has perhaps a misleading title: it privileges the history of Prussia over the history of other German states, and it tells the story of the German-speaking peoples through the guise of Prussia's destiny to unite all German states under its leadership.
The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this.[112] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany#Realpolitik_and_the_North_German_Confederation
ITALY
Italian Nationalist Association
The Italian Nationalist Association, Associazione Nazionalista Italiana (ANI) was Italy's first nationalist political party founded in 1910. under the influence of Italian nationalists such as Enrico Corradini and Giovanni Papini. Upon its formation, the ANI supported the repatriation of Austrian held Italian-populated lands to the Kingdom of Italy and was willing to endorse war with Austria-Hungary to do so.[1] The authoritarian nationalist faction of the ANI would be a major influence for the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini formed in 1921. The ANI merged into the Fascist Party in 1923.[2]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association