Kanaris
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Post by Kanaris on Mar 23, 2008 13:29:48 GMT -5
The attention of Scholars, in the first instance, was chiefly directed towards tine classical languages and the languages of the Bible. The Greek scholars who were driven to the West by the Moslem occupation of Constantinople brought their language, in its best and most attractive form, to the Universities of Italy. In the Council of Florence, in 1438, more than one Italian divine, especially Ambrogio Traversari, was found capable of holding discussions with the Greek representatives in their native tongue. In like manner, the Jews and Moors, who were exiled from Spain by the harsh and impolitic measures of Ferdinand and Isabella, deposited through all the schools of Europe the seeds of a solid and critical knowledge of Hebrew and Arabic and their cognate languages. The fruits of their teaching may be discerned at a comparatively early period in the biblical studies of the time. Antonio de Lebrixa published, in 1481, a grammar of the Latin, Castilian and Hebrew languages : and I need only allude to the mature and various oriental learning which Cardinal Ximenes found ready to his hand, in the very first years of the sixteenth century, for the compilation of the Complutensian Polyglot. Although some of the scholars whom he engaged, as for instance, Demetrius Ducas, were Greeks; and others, as Alfonzo Zamora or Pablo Coronell, were converted Jews; yet, the names of Lopez de Zuniga, Nunez de Guzman, and Ver-gara are a sufficient evidence of the success with which the co-operation of native scholars was enlisted in the undertak- ing From this period the number of scholars eminent in the department of languages becomes so great, and the history of many among them presents so frequent points of resemblance, that it may conduce to the greater distinctness of the narrative to classify separately the most distinguished linguists of each among the principal nations. source
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Kanaris
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Post by Kanaris on Mar 23, 2008 13:31:24 GMT -5
Saturday, February 23, 2008 The Greeks of Italy
" ... Italy, a land of distinctive culture, is also full of linguistic diversity. The language officially spoken today is a convention of the 19th century Accademia della Crusca, which emerged after the wars of unification (Risorgimento, circa 1848-1861). At that time, the intent was to forge an Italian people by forcing them to speak one standard language. This effort was only partially successful. Today within Italy's borders one can find pockets of minority languages like Sardinian, Albanian, and Friulan. Furthermore, while many Italians have a strong sense of Italian identity, they hold allegiances to their own towns and local dialects. An example is Griko, a near-extinct variant of Greek and other interspersed elements, spoken in a few villages in Salento (the Salentine plain), in Puglie, and in Calabria. These regions are located in Southern Italy, the ancient Magna Graecia, colonized by many Greek cities from 600 B.C.E. onward.
Speakers of Griko, who live and operate in Italy as fully assimilated Italians, call themselves Griki. This is not a paradox to them: although they are full-fledged Italian citizens, they are acutely aware of their Greek roots and they maintain multiple identities. They easily switch back and forth between Italian and the two local dialects, Romanzo, which is Italian based, and Griko. A key to their identity, and a factor that makes them unique, is their strong defense of Griko.
In the Magna Graecia of antiquity, Greek was the language of preference; it was, however, interchanged with Latin and other languages. There, in busy day-to-day interactions, migrants, merchants, and clerks were familiar with several tongues. The consensus of most linguists is that ancestors of present-day speakers were migrant workers who came to southern Italy from impoverished mainland Greece and surrounding islands to work the rich estates of Roman landowners. Over the centuries, these farmhands were ignored by policy-makers, soldiers, and other invaders who "conquered" Italy. Ironically, the low status of the Griki may, in the long run, have served to "save" their language and culture. ... "
~ From The Greeks of Italy by Lucia Clark ~
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Kanaris
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Post by Kanaris on Mar 23, 2008 13:35:07 GMT -5
Marriage trends in the Italo-Greeks of Italy. JOURNAL OF BIOSOCIAL SCIENCE, 1991 Apr;23(2):129-35. Abstract: "The Italo-Greek ethnolinguistic minority, living in thirteen villages of southern Italy, marry largely amongst themselves but there are some intermarriages with native Italians. The majority of marriages are within the villages, but there is some marriage movement from one Italo-Greek village to another. Data on marriage and birthplace of parents and grandparents obtained by questionnaires to families of primary school children (aged 6-13 years) are analysed, to show the trends in breakdown of isolation over the last two generations." (EXCERPT) They live among people that are considered as one..yet they don't do too much intermarrying... yet if you listen to the hogwash and utter nonsense of some Muslim ALbs here ..we are a mish mash.... of all sorts of people... link
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Kanaris
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Post by Kanaris on Mar 23, 2008 13:39:41 GMT -5
How did Greek come to be the vernacular in parts of Southern Italy? From the book Polyglot Italy by Dr. Geoffrey Hull In ancient times Sicily and the Italian Peninsula south of Naples were known collectively as Magna Graecia - 'Great Greece' because of the number and importance of the Greek settlements there. The coasts of Apulia, Lucania, Campania, Calabria and eastern Sicily were first colonized by mainland Greeks in the eighth century before Christ. Such celebrated figures as Empedocles, Theocritus and Archimedes were natives of 'Great Greece'. Sicily had already been settled by Phoenician colonists from Carthage in North Africa, and the western districts remained in their hands. Despite several attempts by the Sicilian Greeks (Siceliots) to gain control of the whole island. In both Sicily and Italy the Greeks preferred to live on or near the coasts, where they established their city-states and emporia. They left the less attractive inland regions to the indigenous peoples mainly Italici (in eastern Sicily, Calabria and Lucania) and in Apulia, Messapians, an Indoeuropean people from Illyria. These autochthonous tribes maintained their own languages for a time, but at the dawning of the Christian age they were largely hellenized.
The expanding Roman Empire had annexed the whole of Magna Graecia and Sicily by 241 B.C., and while the Romans planted Latin colonies here and there, on the whole they treated the Italian Greeks as confederates, respecting their language and culture. In Rome itself Greek was employed as a second language and in the first Christian centuries the city had a large Greek-speaking minority. Latin spread through the Greek cities of the South as an administrative language but Greek held its own as a literary medium and the speech of the common people in many areas. At the height of the Empire Vulgar Latin had inplanted itself as the vernacular only as far south as the Apulian towns of Tarentum and Brundisium, and the river Crati in Bruttium (present-day Calabria), the Salentine peninsula, lower Calabria and eastern Sicily remained for the time being strongholds of the Greek language.
In the last centuries of the Empire Latin began to encroach upon literary Greek in Magna Graecia, and it is possible that the Greek vernacular itself might have given way to early Romance had it not been for the Byzantine (= Eastern Roman Empire) conquest of 535. Once Constantinople had replaced Rome as the centre of government, Greek was restored as the official language of southern Italy and Sicily and cultural ties with the Hellenic mainland were reaffirmed. The seventh century saw an influx of Greek-speaking refugees from Syria and Egypt, recently occupied by the Moslems. These immigrants strengthened the reviving Hellenity of the Byzantine Themes (territories) of the South.
Before the coming of the Byzantines, Italian and Sicilian Greek (Italiot), known to the local Italian tribes as Gricus, had been a variant of the Doric (western) dialect of the mainland. The Byzantines now introduced the Neo-Hellenic koine based on the speech of Athens (Attic). The influence transformed the structure of Italiot, though some of the original Doric features survived, and constitute living proof of the unbroken continuity of the Greek language in Italy from ancient times.
Linguistic conditions in Sicily were to be drastically altered by the Saracen invasion of 832. By the tenth century Greek had receded into the south-eastern corner of the island. Then came the Norman conquest of the eleventh century, which struck a serious blow at the roots of Hellenity both in Sicily and on the mainland. The cultural policy of the Normans was ambiguous: while officially tolerating all languages and creeds within their realm they also promoted the use of contemporary south Italian koine (based on the contact language that had evolved in Naples, Amalfi, Salerno and other ports), and favoured the Latin-rite Catholicism of the Holy See, their political ally. The Byzantine Christians among their subjects were severed from the jurisdiction of the Greek Church, by now in schism from Rome, and throughout the kingdom the eastern liturgy began to be replaced by the Roman rite with Latin rather than Greek as the language of worship.
Soon in full decline, the Byzantine rite lingered on in some parishes of the traditional Greek areas of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily until the seventeenth century, when it fell victim of the centralizing policies of the Counter Reformation. From the fourteenth century South Italian began to spread at the expense of Greek in the Messina-Taormina, Milazzo triangle (definitively Italianized by the 1500's) and in southern Calabria and Salento. However there is evidence that Greek continued to be widely spoken in Calabria (at least by the lower classes) until the Renaissance period. The anonymous author of a French chronicle of the late thirteenth century noted that "through the whole of Calabria the peasants speak nothing but Greek". In 1368 Petrarca recommended a stay in the region to a student who needed to improve his knowledge of Greek.
In the early sixteenth century Calabrian Greek was still vigorous in the inland districts south of Palmi and Cittanova but by the close of the seventeenth century it had receded into the Aspromonte mountains of the southern tip of the peninsula, an area comprising hte towns of Cardeto, Bagaladi, Motta San Giovanni, San Lorenzo, Melito, Condofuri, Roghudi, Bova, Palizzi, Africo and Sant'Agata. For the next century and a half the Calabrian Grecia (Greek-speaking zone) remained fairly stable, until the Risorgimento and Unification unleased a new tide of Italian linguisitic influence which accelerated the process of erosion. By the 1920's the ancestral language of South Calabrians could be heard only in the small rural communites of Bova, Amendola, Condofuri, Galliciano, Roccaforte, Roghudi and Ghorio.
Salentine Greek at first declined more rapidly than its Calabrian counterpart. Around 1400 it was already confined to a territorial strip bounded by Gallipoli and the Gulf of Taranto in the west, and Lake Limini near Otranto in the east, with Struda and Alliste as its respective northern and southern limits. By the twentieth century this Grecia had shrunk to a compact district south of Lecce/Luppiu made up of the villages of Calimera, Martignano, Sternatia, Soleto, Zollino, Martano, Castrignano dei Greci, Corigliano and Melpignano.
By the time they became citizens of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, the Italo-Greeks, mostly poor peasants, had long been severed from the Byzantine religious traditions and from the mainstream of Neo-Hellenic civilization, The modern Italiot renaissance began in the Salentine Grecia through the efforts of Vito Domenico Palumbo (1857 - 1918), a native of Calimera, who endeavoured to re-establish cultural contacts with mainland Greece. Although excluded from the churches, schools and government offices, Greek began to be taught in some villages in the decade following World War II on the initiative of private individuals. In 1971 the Unione dei Greci dell'Italia meridionale was founded to foster relations between the Calabrian Greeks (today numbering only 5,000) and the 15,000 Salentine Greeks. At least three bilingual journals devoted to the Griko language are now in circulation, and a number of mainland Greek intellectuals and cultural bodies have taken an interest in the welfare of their trans-Ionian brothers. Nevertheless, in spite of these developments, Italo-Greek continues to be ignored the the Italian government. Furthermore the Calabrian Grecia, already in an advanced state of decay, suffered a serious setback when the floods of 1970 and 1972 forced the evacuation of Roghudi and Ghorio. The inhabitants of these villages have since been resettled along the Ionian coast and in Reggio where the language has little hope of survival.
Ample traces of the recent Greek past of Calabria, Salento and north-eastern Sicily remain in the local Neo-Italian dialects (the Romance speech that replaced Greek), and in regional surnames like Argurio ('Silver coin'), Calabro ('Calabrian'), Calo, Cala ('good'), Cefali ('head'), Chiriaco ('lordly'), Condro ('fat'), Dascoli ('Teacher'), Foti ('bright'), Lagana ('greengrocer'), Lico ('wolf'), Macri ('long'), Papandrea ('the priest Andrew'), Patera ('father'), Pangallo ('very good'), Schiro ('hard'), Sgro ('curly-headed'), Spano ('beardless'), Trano ('adult'), Tripodi ('tripod'). The Hellenisms in the modern South Calabrian dialect include such common words as ciaramide 'tile', ahjeri'dish-rag', crasentulu 'worm', capura 'pail', scifu 'trough', tripu 'hole', cudespina 'old woman', cuddaraci 'Easter bun', fusca 'bran', hasmiari 'to yawn', milinghi 'temples', spissida 'spark', cilona 'tortoise', petula 'butterfly', praia 'beach', rosacu 'frog', zafrata 'lizard', and zimmaru 'ram'. South Calabrian offers many examples of Greek syntax in Romance dress, for example the periphrastic construction that replaces the Italian infinitive, e.g. vogghiu mu vajo 'I want to go' (literally: "I want that I go") = Bova Greek thelo na pao (It. Voglio andare), vinni mi ti dugnu 'I came to give you' = irta na su dhosu (It. Venni a darti). Similarly, the use of the preterite tense instead of the Italian present perfect betrays a recent Greek substratum, e.g. comu mangiasti? 'how have you eatern?' = local Greek pos efaje? (It. Come hai mangiato?), ci facistivu? 'what have you done?' = ti ecamete (It. Che cosa avete fatto?).
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Kanaris
Amicus
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Post by Kanaris on Mar 23, 2008 13:43:54 GMT -5
Can you believe the audacity of some people here... fellow Greeks read what this member said.. atlantis Membrum * member is offline [send pm]
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 20:51:23 GMT -5
My girlfriends father is Italian from Abruzzi to be exact and he always talks how their are more Greek ruins in Italy than in Greece. He also says how he does not speak Latin, but Italian so why should he be any more of a descendant of the Romans then of a Greek. He is a wise man and deeply admires the culture of Greeks. Our cultures are a strong identifying point.
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 20:54:21 GMT -5
Italians (Romans) and Greeks have contributed reciprocally large amounts of culture to each other. The connection is huge!!!!
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 20:55:22 GMT -5
My girlfriends family also see me as one of them. Though I am Greek they do not view me as an outsider.
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Kanaris
Amicus
This just in>>>> Nobody gives a crap!
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Post by Kanaris on Mar 23, 2008 21:14:36 GMT -5
My son is going out with an Italian girl.... her parents are from Naples.
I can't seem to be able to steer him to go out with a Greek girl.... maybe because the college he is going to there are no Greeks...
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 21:19:18 GMT -5
Greek men and Italian women is an awesome combination.
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 21:20:54 GMT -5
Its just that damn religious divide, which should not exist.
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Post by atlantis on Mar 23, 2008 22:19:13 GMT -5
These pelasgian(also tyrheni, also albanenses, also epiriotes) have another name TUSC or TOSK.They migrated from Italy after Aemillus Paulus destroyed Epirus under the name TOSK.
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 22:34:41 GMT -5
Atlantis, Did I mention to you already that the Souliotes were Greeks.
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Post by atlantis on Mar 23, 2008 22:53:19 GMT -5
There is no greeks in reality .................... They were called Grakoi by latins Gra +koi the tribe of womans ..............
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 23:02:20 GMT -5
Hey being called a woman was better than not existing at all. Now pass that pipe ATLANTIS. I want some of what your smoking!!!!!!!! I want Zeus to speak to me babyyyyy!!!!!
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 23:07:02 GMT -5
Thanks, that some good stuff. The Grakoi actually were an experiment done by the Aliens led by Prince Zenoo. Are you familiar with Scientology? Prince Zenoo 250,000 years ago created the Greek language and Gods system. But it was not actually Greek. In its original form it was similar arvalnanian which is a derivative of Ginzonian and Mexilopilan. The mix of Ginzonian and Mexilopilan is how the Greek arvalnanian language was formed. The arvalnanians an Aryan tribe that adorned the symbol of the swastika subjugated the Pelasgians that inhabited Greece. This lead to the Pelasgians throwing any and all Jews into the hands of the Germans. Thessalonikis Jewish population was wiped out over night.
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Post by panagiotopoulos on Mar 23, 2008 23:08:13 GMT -5
Ahhhhh.... Zeus speaks to me.
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Post by atlantis on Mar 23, 2008 23:09:55 GMT -5
I don’t think you disserve that........ ashlie ........
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Kanaris
Amicus
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Post by Kanaris on Mar 23, 2008 23:09:59 GMT -5
WE have to deal with idiots like Atlantis..... who has degenerated to being a big time TROLL.... I thought when he first came here ... that he would be some knowledgeable member... seems ...he just another troll from Albania.com
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Post by kartadolofonos on Mar 23, 2008 23:11:26 GMT -5
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