Bozur
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Post by Bozur on Oct 17, 2009 17:58:22 GMT -5
Who Are Montenegro’s Muslims?
2 May 2003 Most Slavic Muslims in the ex-Yugoslavia have accepted the term Bosniak as their ethnic name and Montenegrin Muslims are just about to decide how they wish to be called. by Aida Ramusovic
PODGORICA, Serbia and Montenegro--When the Montenegrin parliament announced in March that it would be taking a census this year in which all citizens would be expected to express, among other things, their ethnicity--an ever-sensitive topic across the region--the government realized that the country’s Slavic Muslim population could be hard pressed to find a suitable box to check on the census sheets.
Who Are Montenegro’s Muslims? Parliament’s announcement sparked a hurried debate that was set off with a March seminar called “Muslim-Bosniaks, What Is Your Name?”
At the seminar, held in the Montenegrin capital of Podgorica, 138 of the country’s Slavic Muslim intellectuals signed a declaration asking for their ethnic name to be changed from Muslim to Bosniak--the ethnicity indicator that Slav Muslims in many other former Yugoslav republics use.
“The people who signed the declaration think that the name ‘Bosniak’ should be given equal treatment alongside other names (of ethnicities) listed in the census,” said Esad Kocan, a Montenegrin journalist and one of the signatories of the “Name Declaration.”
But Kocan said the country’s Muslims, or “Bosniaks,” shouldn’t feel pressured one way or another. “This declaration is not obligatory for anyone. Everyone should declare in the census how he or she feels,” he said.
The identity of Montenegro’s Muslims, Bosniaks, or as some say, Muslim-Bosniaks, is not in question. The question is this: Are Muslims, Muslim-Bosniaks, or Bosniaks from Montenegro a diverse community in comparison with Bosniaks from Bosnia, Serbia, and other former Yugoslav republics?
Kocan thinks the census is the best opportunity to address that question, and to declare, once and for all, the group’s official name.
“This is the most natural and normal way to publicly state your own ethnicity,” said Kocan.
TOILING WITH TERMS
The term “Muslim” was used to describe the Slavs who converted to Islam during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1971, the term “Muslim” has been used to describe the ethnicity of almost the entire Slavic Muslim population in the former Yugoslavia. In censuses, Slavic Muslims could officially declare themselves Muslim in terms of ethnicity.
Yugoslav ethnic groups were constitutionally divided into peoples and nationalities (narodi and narodnosti), the former representing Yugoslavia’s “constituent” ethnic groups, while the latter referred to members of minority ethnic communities. Along with Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Montenegrins, Muslims were one of Yugoslavia’s constituent peoples.
But an obvious problem has always been that “Muslim” has a religious rather than an ethnic tone. Capitalized, “Muslim” in the former Yugoslavia referred to an ethnic group, as opposed to the term “muslim” with a lower-case “m,” which was used in reference to Islam.
“The term ‘muslim’ is used for all members of Islam, and in Arabic it means ‘to surrender to god.’ The religious title became an ethnicity name (in the former Yugoslavia) in 1971,” explained Serbo Rastoder, a professor and editor of the Almanah cultural-historical magazine, which focuses on preserving the heritage of “Muslim-Bosniaks” in Montenegro.
Even though some think that the term “Bosniak” is artificial and Bosnian-made, it was actually used as early as the 15th Century to describe the Muslim population in the Sandzak area--an area that is now partly in Serbia and partly in Montenegro, and bordering Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo.
According to Rastoder, Muslims from Bosnia and Herzegovina chose “Bosniak” as their official nationality during the Bosniak congress in Sarajevo in 1993. And in 1994 the term “Bosniak” was constitutionally established in Bosnia. After that, Muslims from Slovenia, Croatia, and Kosovo followed suit, also adopting the term.
“Even in the latest census in Serbia 90 percent of Muslims declared themselves Bosniaks. Only in Montenegro is there a debate about such a basic human right and freedom of choice,” said Rastoder.
The situation in Serbia, the other part of the newborn union , is slightly different. During the April 2002 census in Serbia--excluding Kosovo--more than 130,000 Muslims declared themselves Bosniaks.
Rasim Ljajic, Serbia and Montenegro’s human and minority rights minister and the leader of the Sandzak Democratic Party, says he is Bosniak. The Sandzak Democratic Party has representatives in the Serbian Parliament, in contrast to Montenegro, where Bosniaks are not represented with their own political party in parliament. There are, however, prominent Bosniak politicians in Montenegro’s multi-ethnic parties.
But the flaring debate in Montenegro about the group’s official ethnicity illustrates how far behind it is in terms of questions of identity.
“The fact that we are discussing the name shows that something is wrong with the identity question, because we have to admit that name is the first sign of identity, not only for a whole population, but for any human being,” said Rastoder.
But Rastoder says there should be no real dilemma. “We have to say that the national name ‘Muslim’ no longer exists. The real dilemma is not whether we are Bosniak or Muslim, but whether we are Bosniak or Serb, or Bosniak or Montenegrin,” he said.
The journalist Kocan says that regardless of the name, every Montenegro Bosniak’s homeland is and will always be Montenegro.
“A Bosniak’s homeland is Montenegro. Montenegro’s Bosniaks are part of the Balkan’s Bosniaks, but their homeland is only Montenegro,” said Kocan, eliminating any question in his mind of whether or not the term was borrowed from Bosnia.
SIMPLE NAME OR PROPAGANDA TOOL?
Still, not everyone agrees with the declaration signed in Podgorica. Avdul Kurpejovic, chair of the Muslim society Matica Muslimanska, believes that something smells foul with this debate. He thinks that the introduction of the term “Bosniak” in Montenegro is part of a greater, sinister plan that involves the “organized propaganda of denial and assimilation (of all Muslims from the former Yugoslavia).”
“The ideological basis for this project is the 1970 Islamic Declaration written by [wartime Bosniak leader] Alija Izetbegovic, and the aim is the creation of Sandzak as a separate Bosniak entity,” said Kurpejovic.
Along with other nationalist projects--such as talk of a Greater Serbia and a Greater Albania--this project, Kurpejovic says, “is very dangerous for Montenegro because it embraces five [Montenegrin] towns in which the population is more than 80 percent Muslim.”
Muslim-Bosniaks, as well as Orthodox Montenegrins and Serbs, comprise the population of Sandzak, located in northern Montenegro. According to the last census in 1991, just over 73 percent of the population of the five towns of Sandzak are Muslims: 87 percent in Rozaje, 58 percent in Plav, 42 percent in Bijelo Polje, 30 percent in Berane, and 18 percent in Pljevlja.
The 1991 census also showed that 5 percent of residents of the Montenegrin capital of Podgorica are Muslims, with 14 percent in the port city of Bar, and 2 percent in Niksic.
Minister Ljajic says that the dilemma about the name is “artificial and fake.”
“The Communists gave false hope and a religious name to the Muslims. That’s a unique case in the world. In an ethnic sense we (Muslims from Serbia and Montenegro) belong to the Bosniak corpus--and that was resolved in 1993 in Sarajevo,” said Ljajic.
Ljajic thinks that Bosniaks in Montenegro should solve the problem on their own, without any interference.
“All states formed out of ex-Yugoslavia accepted the term ‘Bosniak.’ Only Montenegro did not--but the advice should not be from Sarajevo or Novi Pazar [the center of the Serbian part of Sandzak],” said Ljajic, adding that Bosniaks from Montenegro have the right to self-determination.
Matica Muslimanska chair Kurpejovic holds different view, however, insisting that the Bosniaks from Bosnia and the Muslims from Montenegro have only one thing in common--religion.
“Muslims in Montenegro have individual origin, language, culture, and ethnicity,” said Kurpejovic.
And as far as the declaration signed by 138 “Bosniaks” in Montenegro, Kurpejovic says it by no means represents the desires of the entire Muslim population here.
Azra Jasavic, president of the Executive Forum of Montenegrin Muslim-Bosniaks NGO, said that whether or not the term “Bosniak” is linked with Bosnia itself will have to be determined by Montenegro, which she says is democratic enough to understand and support the Muslim population’s choice.
“[The introduction of the term ‘Bosniak’] would mean the establishment of political and legal terms during the future population census. We believe that Montenegrin political, cultural, and scientific circles will support the term ‘Bosniak.’ This term does not put in question Bosniaks’ affection toward Montenegro,” said Jasavic.
Professor Rastoder agrees. “Ethnic self identification based on proper beliefs is necessary, but the rules must be the same for everybody,” he said.
Though the chair of the Islamic community in Montenegro Idriz Demirovic thinks that the name game is a political question, he does believe that Montenegro has “enough understanding to solve the problem in the best possible way.”
While many have differing opinions on what the new nationality’s name should be, most agree that the process itself is a positive one that should show that Montenegro can respect the freedom of choice that each of its citizens have a right to. And some, such as Radio Bar editor Suljo Mustafic, who attended the seminar, say that freedom of choice means a lot in and of itself.
“I was told: ‘Your grandfather was first a Serb, then a Montenegrin.’ I was told: ‘Your great grandfather died thinking he was Turk.’ I remember how my father was pleased when he could choose the ethnicity option of ‘Muslim’ (on the census). Before he was always ‘Undecided,’ or maybe ‘Yugoslav,’” said Mustafic. Aida Ramusovic is a reporter based in Podgorica. www.tol.cz/look/BRR/tolprint.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=9&NrIssue=1&NrSection=2&NrArticle=9413&ST1=body&ST_T1=brr&ST_AS1=1&ST_max=1
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Bozur
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Post by Bozur on Oct 17, 2009 18:17:56 GMT -5
Two thirds of Sandžak Bosniaks trace their ancestry to the regions of Montenegro proper[citation needed], which they started leaving first in 1687, after Turkey lost Boka Kotorska. The trend continued in Old Montenegro after 1711 with the extermination of converts to Islam ("istraga poturica"). Another contributing factor that spurred the migration to Sandžak from the Old Montenegro was the fact that the old Orthodox population of Sandžak moved towards Serbia and the Habsburg Monarchy (Vojvodina) in two waves, first after 1687, and then, after 1740, leaving Sandžak basically depopulated. The advance of increasingly stronger ethnic Montenegrins[citation needed] caused additional resettlements out of Montenegro proper in 1858 and 1878, when, Montenegro was recognized as an independent state by the Treaty of Berlin.
------- Some twenty percent of Bosniaks stem from the Catholic Albanian clans of Northern Albania[citation needed] and neighbouring Montenegro
------- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak#Ethnic_groups_in_Sand.C5.BEak
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Bozur
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Post by Bozur on Oct 17, 2009 18:20:45 GMT -5
The generally accepted definition (and the one used in this article) holds that Bosniaks are the Slavic Muslims on the territory of the former Yugoslavia who identify themselves with Bosnia and Herzegovina as their ethnic state and are part of such a common nation. However, individuals may hold their own personal interpretations as well. Some people, such as Montenegrin Abdul Kurpejović, recognize an Islamic component in the Bosniak identity but see it as referring exclusively to Slavic Muslims in Bosnia.[26] Still others consider all Slavic Muslims in the former Yugoslavia (i.e. including the Gorani) to be Bosniaks. [27] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks#Etymology_and_definition
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Bozur
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Post by Bozur on Oct 17, 2009 18:28:55 GMT -5
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gavrilo
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Post by gavrilo on Oct 17, 2009 19:33:14 GMT -5
nice article, very informative.
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donnie
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Post by donnie on Oct 17, 2009 20:14:49 GMT -5
What a pointless thread ... you think Bosniaks of Sanjak will read this and experience an epiphany and realize they're smth else ... and abandon Bosnia? Arguing that the Bosnians of Sanjak are smth else rather than Bosniak is as pointless as arguing about Serbs of Bosnia and Croatia really being Vlach. It will not change how Bosnian Serbs feel; they're still among the most nationalistic Serbs.
What matters is how one feels. Bosniaks in Sanjak seem rather confident in their identfication with Bosnia, and no quantity of "interesting" articles will change this. This is why they fought with the Bosniaks during the war, not with you guys. Halil Seferovic was a Bosniak from Sanjak, was he not?
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gavrilo
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Post by gavrilo on Oct 17, 2009 20:17:32 GMT -5
donnie, the point is that they are being misled (from the angle of the writer of the article). I am not agreeing or diagreeing with him. But if someone thinks that they are being misled, then the story is valid.
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donnie
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Post by donnie on Oct 18, 2009 5:42:26 GMT -5
donnie, the point is that they are being misled (from the angle of the writer of the article). I am not agreeing or diagreeing with him. But if someone thinks that they are being misled, then the story is valid. Misled by who? Who if anyone is in a better position than the Montenegrin and Serbian states respectively, by virtue of their sovereignty, to influence these people? Simply by adjusting curricula in elementary schools they could instill a sense of being Serbian or/and Montenegrin of the Muslim religion ... Bosnia's influence in comparison is at best indirect. Yet still the majority of these Muslim Slavs choose to identify with Bosnia ... if they're "misled", they're letting themselves be misled, because they find themselves to be more compatible with Bosnia and Bosniaks than Montenegrins & Serbs.
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Post by Caslav Klonimirovic on Oct 18, 2009 7:01:15 GMT -5
What a pointless thread ... you think Bosniaks of Sanjak will read this and experience an epiphany and realize they're smth else ... and abandon Bosnia? Arguing that the Bosnians of Sanjak are smth else rather than Bosniak is as pointless as arguing about Serbs of Bosnia and Croatia really being Vlach. It will not change how Bosnian Serbs feel; they're still among the most nationalistic Serbs. What matters is how one feels. Bosniaks in Sanjak seem rather confident in their identfication with Bosnia, and no quantity of "interesting" articles will change this. This is why they fought with the Bosniaks during the war, not with you guys. Halil Seferovic was a Bosniak from Sanjak, was he not? How is this a pointless thread? It's quite a good article. And there were always Serbs in Bosnia. Serbs were never ever defined by their state. Muslim slavs (Muslim by nationality) are Bosniaks by ethnicity and that's fine by me. There's no effort to promote a Muslim Serb ethnicity, & as far as I know there never has been. You convert to Islam and you're no longer of Serbian ethnicity. In Montenegro it's slightly different as ethnic Montenegrins promote ethnicity as associated with their state regardless if you're Muslim slav or Albanian or whatever. That helps explain what ethnic Montenegrins are about.
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donnie
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Post by donnie on Oct 18, 2009 10:12:28 GMT -5
Montenegrin statehood and identity has always revolved around religious institutions like that of the Vladika who was both prince & bishop. Muslim Slavs were never considered Montenegrins but were always refered to (with disdain) as Turks, and the feeling of contempt was mutual. When Podgorica, Zabljak, Niksic and other Muslim centres were ceded over to Montenegro 1878, a large segment of those Muslims chose migration ("muhajirs") ... when the Montenegrins also attempted to take Plav and Gusinje, the local Albanians and Muslim Slavs, aided by other Albanians from the highlands and Kosova, took arms and resisted, postponing the annexation of these two small towns and the vicinity until 1912. That year, the annexation was followed by the Montenegrins forcefully baptizing Muslim Albanians and Slavs in the aforementioned territories and Kosova ....
Obviously, back in the head of the inhabitants of Montenegro, the equation Montenegrin identity = Orthodoxy has always been fixed and has played a crucial role in Montenegro's history. If they're attempting a different approach today, isn't that more artificial than local Muslim Slavs being identified as Bosniaks? I mean come on, even Albanians being identified as 'Montenegrin'? That's nationality, not ethnicity ... this question is an ethnic one.
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Post by Caslav Klonimirovic on Oct 18, 2009 10:46:45 GMT -5
Montenegrin statehood and identity has always revolved around religious institutions like that of the Vladika who was both prince & bishop. Muslim Slavs were never considered Montenegrins but were always refered to (with disdain) as Turks, and the feeling of contempt was mutual. When Podgorica, Zabljak, Niksic and other Muslim centres were ceded over to Montenegro 1878, a large segment of those Muslims chose migration ("muhajirs") ... when the Montenegrins also attempted to take Plav and Gusinje, the local Albanians and Muslim Slavs, aided by other Albanians from the highlands and Kosova, took arms and resisted, postponing the annexation of these two small towns and the vicinity until 1912. That year, the annexation was followed by the Montenegrins forcefully baptizing Muslim Albanians and Slavs in the aforementioned territories and Kosova .... Obviously, back in the head of the inhabitants of Montenegro, the equation Montenegrin identity = Orthodoxy has always been fixed and has played a crucial role in Montenegro's history. If they're attempting a different approach today, isn't that more artificial than local Muslim Slavs being identified as Bosniaks? I mean come on, even Albanians being identified as 'Montenegrin'? That's nationality, not ethnicity ... this question is an ethnic one. It sounds as though you're trying to disagree with something I said but I'm not exactly sure what. I mostly just read confirmation of what I was trying to say... You said that Muslim slavs were seen as Turks. I've repeated this 100 times over. You convert to Islam & you're no longer a Serb & I believe that was the case since the first conversions. The thing about attempting a different approach today in Montenegro, yes it's true & yes it is artificial.
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donnie
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Post by donnie on Oct 18, 2009 12:44:17 GMT -5
Montenegrin statehood and identity has always revolved around religious institutions like that of the Vladika who was both prince & bishop. Muslim Slavs were never considered Montenegrins but were always refered to (with disdain) as Turks, and the feeling of contempt was mutual. When Podgorica, Zabljak, Niksic and other Muslim centres were ceded over to Montenegro 1878, a large segment of those Muslims chose migration ("muhajirs") ... when the Montenegrins also attempted to take Plav and Gusinje, the local Albanians and Muslim Slavs, aided by other Albanians from the highlands and Kosova, took arms and resisted, postponing the annexation of these two small towns and the vicinity until 1912. That year, the annexation was followed by the Montenegrins forcefully baptizing Muslim Albanians and Slavs in the aforementioned territories and Kosova .... Obviously, back in the head of the inhabitants of Montenegro, the equation Montenegrin identity = Orthodoxy has always been fixed and has played a crucial role in Montenegro's history. If they're attempting a different approach today, isn't that more artificial than local Muslim Slavs being identified as Bosniaks? I mean come on, even Albanians being identified as 'Montenegrin'? That's nationality, not ethnicity ... this question is an ethnic one. It sounds as though you're trying to disagree with something I said but I'm not exactly sure what. I mostly just read confirmation of what I was trying to say... You said that Muslim slavs were seen as Turks. I've repeated this 100 times over. You convert to Islam & you're no longer a Serb & I believe that was the case since the first conversions. The thing about attempting a different approach today in Montenegro, yes it's true & yes it is artificial. You mean besides the obvious? I also disagreed with you on Montenegrin identity being based on smth else rather than religion, which isn't so, as its identity is intimately linked to the institution of the Vladika and general sense of Orthodoxy. PS By the "obvious", I am refering to your response to my initial post, questioning my statement that this thread is useless. If, as you claim, Serbs never attempted to make Serbs out of Muslim Slavs (which is BS, but let's settle with that) and the Montenegrin identity is false and purely artificial ... then, I ask you, why is this thread, which aims to prove the Montenegrin identity of Muslim Slavs from Sanjak, not useless? Is there a point in convincing and persuading them that they belong to a fairy tale ethnicity that is "Montenegrin" ? On the other hand, with Bosnia and the Bosniaks they feel a closer bond by virtue of their common religion alone. This article will not change that. That too adds to my point that this thread is less valuable than a turd sandwich.
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Post by Caslav Klonimirovic on Oct 18, 2009 21:22:03 GMT -5
Maybe I didn't express what I was trying to say properly because I was not trying to say that Montenegrin identity was not strongly linked to religion which is what you appear be disagreeing with. I'm saying there is a recent effort that promotes Montenegrin identity for all citizens regardless of religion or "actual" ethnicity & this is promoted by political parties such as the LDP. There is a bit of a movement for this & as you say it is artificial. Such people are derogatorily referred to by Serbs as Dukljanists.
About the thread being useless. I'm still not getting what you mean. Ethnic identity of Muslim slavs is the topic of discussion. They have been referred to as various names. It's an interesting topic. As often I find myself trying to decipher some sort of cryptic meaning in your posts.
And please go ahead & edumacate me about Serbs trying to make Serbs of Muslims slavs if that’s what you think. The passage in itself sounds ironic.
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Post by insomniac on Oct 19, 2009 14:55:46 GMT -5
a recent effort that promotes Montenegrin identity for all citizens regardless of religion or "actual" ethnicity
i.e they're trying to follow Albania's model of co-existence. With exception that religion never played a big part in nation-forming (identity) of our state.
Promoting Montenegrin identity in this case is "assimilating other ethnic identities". Which is really artificial and very imposing. It might work with other muslim Slavs, it certainly won't work for Albanians in Montenegro.
Dijedon. On the side note. This is jsut from my personal observations. I'm afraid[in the future]we might have to worry about hostilities or frictions coming from Montenegro & Macedonia. Mini-serb nations still in the process of forming their identity. And we have to develop a (mature) strategy of how to deal with them. I think it's very important that we maintain our ethnic minorities in both countries. It will give us some balance.
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Post by hellboy87 on Nov 23, 2009 6:20:52 GMT -5
what about Macedonian Muslims? The Torbeshis.......
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Post by plisbardhi on Nov 23, 2009 15:20:04 GMT -5
To my knowledge there is no tradition of gusle among muslim highlanders, am I mistaken?
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donnie
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Post by donnie on Nov 24, 2009 8:13:49 GMT -5
To my knowledge there is no tradition of gusle among muslim highlanders, am I mistaken? I think they had this tradition in Sanjak, but in Bosnia I don't know. One famous guslar in Sanjak was Salih Ugljanin, although his lineage has its roots in Kosova, and this man knew how to sing in both Albanian and Slavic.
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Post by Gigolo on Nov 25, 2009 12:09:22 GMT -5
To my knowledge there is no tradition of gusle among muslim highlanders, am I mistaken? I think they had this tradition in Sanjak, but in Bosnia I don't know. One famous guslar in Sanjak was Salih Ugljanin, although his lineage has its roots in Kosova, and this man knew how to sing in both Albanian and Slavic. Yes gusle were common amongst all peoples in Bosnia and in Sandzak, only recently has it been looked at as more of a "Serb" thing. No suprise there, they claim alot of things as "Serb". One of the most legendary guslars was a Bosniak or if you prefer Montenegrin Muslim named Avdo Medjedovic. Abdullah Međedović (1875 - 1953) was a Bosniak guslar (singer or oral poet). He was the most versatile and skillful performer of all those encountered by Milman Parry and Albert Lord during their research on the oral epic tradition of Bosnia (then part of Yugoslavia) in the 1930s. At Parry's request Avdo undertook to produce an epic of similar extent to the Iliad (15,690 lines), since Parry needed to investigate whether a poet in an oral tradition would be able to maintain a theme over such length. Avdo dictated, over three days and many cups of coffee, a version of the well-known theme The Wedding of Smailagić Meho that was 12,323 lines long. On another occasion he sang over several days an epic of 13,331 lines. He claimed to have several others of similar length in his repertoire. Many years afterwards the Wedding was published by Lord with a parallel English translation. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdo_Me%C4%91edovi%C4%87
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Post by plisbardhi on Nov 25, 2009 17:46:03 GMT -5
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Nov 25, 2009 18:07:31 GMT -5
Who are Međedović derived from? Danilović, Bovan (Višegrad), ranije Lučić ogranak Međedovića iz Drobnjaka; ( Drobnjak is Montenegrin Tribe) www.montenegro.org.au/D.htmlDrobnjaković, Risan (1692. god.) ogranak Mandića iz grupe Novljana; Pridvorica (Šavnik); peraška naselja (Boka Kotorska), porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore; Bovan (Višegrad), ogranak Međedovića iz Drobnjaka; Drobnjaci sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8PS: Hmmm, see nothing about any Bosnian roots.
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