Post by kartadolofonos on Nov 23, 2014 22:15:09 GMT -5
The ethnic Greek minority and the Greek-Albanian relations since the establishment of the Albanian state until the end of the Cold War
The Greeks are the largest minority group in Albania, are an indigenous population (99) and is associated with a number of attempts, or the unification of Northern Epirus to Greece or the self-determination within the Albanian state-very important period is This World War II, but mainly for the protection and respect of human rights by the early 20th century when it was founded the Albanian national state.
The unilateral declaration of 1921 is, as mentioned, the legal recognition of ethnic Greek minority and performance rights in this and lists Albania commitments to its citizens belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities. The protection regime regards freedom of religion and language rights, while guaranteeing the principle of non-discrimination and equality before the law. The Declaration was accepted by the Council of the League on the same day of her testimony and was explicitly guaranteed by the competent bodies. The rights of the ethnic Greek minority remained only formally respected for Hoxha. The Constitution of 1946 stated that ethnic minorities enjoy all rights relating to the protection of their cultural development and the free use of their language (Article 39), while the Constitution of 1977 gave guarantees to national minorities for the protection and development of culture and their folk traditions, the use of their mother tongue and teaching of the school, and gender in development in all areas of social life (Article 42). But although both the Constitution state the equality of citizens regardless of nationality, race or religion and the rights of minorities, no specific groups (100), while the Constitution of 1946 transferred the management of all schools in the state, removing the right had prewar Greek populations. Certainly according to the general assumption, the Hoxha regime struck minority education to the extent that degrade the quality of life of the Greeks and reduce significantly their rights. The minority education after passing the direct control of the state was downgraded due to lack of infrastructure and specialized training. In the case of Himara, the regime closed the Greek school as a retaliatory measure for the negative attitude of the local people in the elections of 1946. The Hoxha regime created the so-called 'minority zones' which were placed 99 settlements whose native language was Greek and excluded the Greek-speaking villages of Himara -the 1959 and removed the Greek nationality-and Arta Vlora, and areas with Greek populations (Gjirokastra, Premeti, etc.).
Two issues concerning the Greek minority this time and are of major importance for Greek politics. The first issue is related to the number. In 1930, a record of 37,000 Greeks in Albania, while the corresponding increase of the Albanian population by the 1980s was four times, and would bring the Greek population of about 150,000, the census of 1960 recorded 40,000 Greeks, 1979 49 307 and 1989 48 758 (101) excluding those in the population of Himara. Obviously, this is for those who were currently recorded with "Nationality Greek." The sum of the inhabitants of villages, together with the Greeks of the three cities in the region -akolouthontas the number and estimates themselves Greeks of Albania and admitting the whole population of Greek villages, 60000-61000 surpassed the Greeks in the region minority areas (102). The deviation from the Albanian census of 1989, concerns ie 4,000 to 5,000 Greeks within the "minority areas" (103). Besides the "minority zones", the estimates for the population of the Greek minority is clearly more difficult.
(103). 26500 The Greeks gave the census of 1945, if followed, the average Albanian index growth of the postwar period (16.05 per thousand inhabitants) should be 74000 in 1989. Berholli A., '' The Greek Minority in The Albanian Republic. A Demographic Study '', Albanian Catholic Bulletin, vol. XV, San Francisco, 1994, p. 87-93 and Kallivretakis Av., '' The Greek community of Albania from the perspective of historical geography and demography 'in Veremi T. et al. (Ed.) The Greeks of Albania, ibid, p. 25-58.
Beyond the issue of deprivation of minority rights as a result of the relocation was made longer and other difficulties related to the redefinition of the actual identity of these people, and their language in areas outside "minority zones" (104). The problem lies mainly in Tirana, where census gives 610 people as Greeks, and secondarily in Vlora which gives 200. O number of Greeks were and are in Tirana and Vlora and Durres,twice as much as Albanian inventories, and this et yeah result of forced relocation and exit from the Albanian rural South to the urban centers.
H gradual assimilation of Greeks who lived in an area, the exodus of many members of the minority to Greece during the Second World War, the major cluster sizes derived from the Greek minority, are factors that contribute to a significant reduction of the initially calculated maximum number of 150,000, and necessarily reduce the number of Greeks under 100,000. On the other hand, the Greek policy argued that the Greeks in Albania reached 400,000, while a survey by the US State Department stated in 266.800 Greeks (105).
The second issue concerns who the Greeks in Albania after Hoxha's regime struck the Greek minority. O difficult identifying the Greek minority from the 'minority zone "(106) is also a result of aiming high degree of integration of the Albanian society, while HellenoVlachs considered as Albanians.
In the early 1960s, the Hoxha regime violently moved here five thousand HellenoVlachs accommodation in the seaside area of Examilia until BPYV. This population with border closures remained in Albania. But continued to arise outside civil status registers and not even know Albanian. In a census HellenoVlachs section in Colonia area in 1945 there were native speakers Vlach and Greek as a foreign language, and do not even mention the Albanian (107).
The displaced HellenoVlachs settled in villages Liountzerias, Zagora and chin, areas from which the scheme had to remove the above ways much of the local population. After o al these operators Greek and Hellenic-consciousness. In Liountzeria the HellenoVlachs even founded and villages of their own, such as Anton Pozzo. But we included in Albanian schools and arbitrarily nationality was Albanian. The scheme opened Albanian schools and for HellenoVlachs in Pogoni, not allowing them to go on existing Greek schools.
However between HellenoVlachs followed by mass arrests and heavy sentences with permanent categories ' partners Greeks monarcho-fascists . " Sixty HellenoVlachs led the squad, while the punishments and penalties such amount to 1850 years in prison. Within a few decades, however, the GREEK language was unnecessary and potentially of parilikon. Indeed and Vlach came second place in villages with a mixed Albanian-Vlach population allowing the entire territory in Albanian (108).
In their current installation Vlachs can be identified in two local-geographical sections. The first lives in areas of Pogradec, Korca and Erseka of Premetis, and to a lesser extent of Gjirokastra and Ag. Saranda. The second significant concentration located north of Vlora-Berat line until Kavagia. After 1991 the Human Rights Union Party (CyNet), with which national Greek minority is represented, gave 150,000 Vlach population, with Greek consciousness.
The social advancement of Greeks in Albania was welcomed by the regime as long as accompanied by removal of the Greek national ideology (109) and support the CRL which selected one treatment that is consistent with the Leninist doctrine of minorities (110) and the gradual assimilation the Greeks in Albania was their integration provided the Albanian national and social fabric. The scheme followed a systematic and continuous erosion of the Greek minority with spread to other areas (111), party positions and state officials Greek origin locations outside minority areas (112), proceeded to forced displacement, exile and imprisonment Greeks designated dissidents to status (113), and parallel installation Albanians in minority areas, and created cutting conditions from the Greek cultural tradition (114).
The exile of Greeks combined with the exile of the whole family or the marginalization of the living spaces of. The exile of Greeks initially was the castle of Gjirokastra and later continued in the camps at Spata, the Bourel and Vlotsist but also in remote villages where lacked health care, nutrition, and systematically tortured and 10-12% of Greeks from pure Greek regions, prosecuted.
The result of this policy aimed at inclusion of the Greeks in the Albanian society and the large number of mixed marriages (115). Children from mixed marriages in Albanian urban centers had inadequate or no knowledge of the Greek language and was fully embedded in an Albanian national identity.
Another method for corrosion of the Greek community was the naming in Greek Albanian names, or Illyrian or newly minted -eg Maregklen as the collapse of the names Marx, Engels, Lenin and the change of Greek names in the settlements (eg Theologian Saranda in Partisan, Agios Nikolaos in Drita, blackbirds in Bouronia) (116). This was coupled with the creation of new settlements with residents Albanian Muslim in the pure minority areas. For example from the 1950s created new villages called "socialist villages" in Gjirokastër County (Valeria, Vrysera, Asim Zeneli, Anton Pozzo, Bylis, etc.) and Saranda (Fitoria, Ntavera, Gkiasta, etc.) (117). Even used the system of surveillance zones in minority areas, the curfew and repressive measures (eg power lines at the border with Greece, etc.), against the will of Greece the existence of the minority to be factor friendship and bridge between peoples (118).
But after 1991 the regime change, the number of members of the Greek minority has been further reduced since a large part of Greeks emigrated to Greece (119). 2001 census also did not include nationality and for this reason the members of ethnic Greek minority abstained. It is estimated that today the Greek minority consists of 400,000 members (120). Today the minority is considered as "forever recognized as a national" (121) which indicates the particular ideological weight of the existence of*greek minority in Greek-Albanian relations, and recognition has become a " Macedonian "minority (122), ethnic Montenegrin, Vlach , Roma, Egyptians, etc.
(99) .Ekdotiki Athens, Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and culture , Athens 1997, p. 212.
(100) .In the book Salakou, N., Albania Geography for the fourth class of eight year old school , Tirana, text book publishers, 1980, p. 62, stated that " in Albania except Albanians living and a very small minority with Greek and Macedonian Nationality. In the People's Socialist Republic of Albania national minorities have equal rights with the Albanian people . "
(101) .Zanga L. " Albania. Minorities; An overview ", Report on Eastern Europe, vol. 2, Bo. 50, 1991, p. 3.
(104) .The isolated areas of the Albanian north, inhospitable for the Greeks and Albanians in the south, like Cuckoos and Hassi in northern Albania, the number of Greeks who gave the 1989 census, it should not be considered unrealistic, while the same census gives for the region of Premetis 442 Greeks.
(105) .Sherman A., Ibid, p. 120.
(106) .Winnifrith T., Vlachs of Albania , London 1995, p. 58-59. See. Kahl Th., Ethnizitat raumliche Verteilung und der Aromunen in Sudosteuropa ? Münster; 1999. Schwandner-Sievers St., "The Albanian Aromanians' Awakening: Identity Politics and Conflicts in Post-Communist Albania", European Center for Minority Issues in 1999 Council of Europe, Report submitted by Albania pursuant to art. 25, para. 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, ACFC / SR (2001) 5, p. 16. Akomi for the Vlachs in Alssavias the 19th and 20th centuries see. Koukoudis A., Metropolis and Diaspora of Vlachs, Thessaloniki , ed. Institute Amyvtikov Analysis - Zitros, 2000.
(107) .Potsi S., Scientific studies 5 , University Argyrokastro 2001, p 139.
(108) .Potsi S., Ibid, p. 139-140.
(109) It has interesting to note that the encyclopedic dictionary of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Albania Academy of Sciences did not acknowledge the indigenous and the long presence of the Greek minority stating that " the inhabitants of Dropolis arrived here in the 18th century as tenants in estates Albanian landowners . " H stated that Himara is an Illyrian town, while areas of Saranda and Delvinou not even mentioned as areas with Greek populations. See. Akademia E Shkencave E Republik Popullare Socialist te Shqiperise , Fjalor enciklopedik, Tirane 1985, p. 270, 345-346.
(110) .Kofos E., Balkan minorities in communist regimes , Thessaloniki 1960, p. 27.
(111) .Vikers M., Albanians, Athens, ed. Ulysses, 1997, p. 311.
(112) .In the 1980s only the Albanian north appointed more than 300 executives of the Greek community. Barkas P., " The Greek minority on Hoxha regime "in Tsitselikis - Christopoulos, ibid, p. 225-264
(113) .Tsakas A., The chronikotis long-lasting tragedy of Northern Epirus. Martyrology Northern Epirus, Ioannina, ed. Northern Research Institute, 1999.
(114) .Syndesmos Pensioners Ellinodaskalon National Greek minority of Northern Epirus, Aaografika Blended national Greek minority of Northern Epirus, Gjirokastra 2004. Katsalidas C., The identity of the Greeks of Northern Epirus, Ioannina, ed. Northern Research Institute, 2004. Dayan
S., Apokliromeno nation. The popular literature of the Greeks of Northern Epirus, Greece, ed. Kyromanos, 1997, p. 18. The same Greek language education and culture of the Greek National Minority in Albania during the communist totalitarianism, Thessaloniki 1995, p. 67. For the works of Greek minority which displays the status see. books Tsuka P., Aefteri life, Tirana 1953, Acyl heart, Tirana 1981 and Songs of exile, Tirana, nd
(115) .The degrading wages forced the Greeks to find in any manner and terms (masters in mixed marriages) refuge in cities and other urban centers. It should be taken into account and the diffusion of Greek intelligentsia in Albanian territory or needs of the regime, or because their occupation had nothing to do with the economic-social development of the Greek regions. 50% in the cities of Gjirokastra, Saranda and Delvinou category of mixed marriages. Also, the population of the town of Himara in 1990 amounted to 8500. The number of prisoners on the communist regime for political reasons amounts to 2,700 people with imprisonment from 12 to 25 years, five people were executed, three people were tried in 101 years. 100 families were displaced. Simultaneously, according to the club Cheimarrioton the number Cheimarrioton in Albanian territory, especially in the cities Tirana, Durres, Vlora, Fieri and Liousnia estimated at ten thousand. While the number of cheimarrioton graduates of Albanian universities reaches 380 people. In Droviani the period of Hoxha, 29 people were imprisoned and executed eight. Of the 18 who studied Greek language in Greece, 7 and 9 were imprisoned fled to Greece to save.
Simultaneously 122 Drovianites are graduates of universities in Albania. Of these, only 14 have served in the region and the rest of the rest of Albanian territory. Because of persecution and the difficult living conditions left the village of 135 families. As a result if the 1913 numbered 1630 inhabitants. 1990 is just 780 residents.
The Polytsiani 1913 numbered 1650 inhabitants. In 1985 the village inhabited by 585 people or 136 families of Greek officers and 23 Albanian families. The village had 19 prisoners, or 680 years in prison and 95 persecuted families. From Polytsiani removed 250 families and single Vlora numbered 156 polytsianitikes families. In Divri population of 1899 stood at 1100 people. In 1990 700 people. Until 1967 were led in prison 35 Divriotis, five of them were women. Total years of imprisonment amounted to 268. Four were sentenced to death penalty and two died in prison. In the same period, 25 people escaped to Greece. In retaliation, 17 families displaced.
(116) .Yp. No. 225 / 09.23.1975 decision of the Bureau of the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Albania.
(117) .Papadopoulos G.Ch., ibid, p. 190.
(118). The Greek Foreign Minister K. Papoulias after his visit to Albania (November 1987) Antonopoulos H., ibid, p. 42.
(119) .Fekrat B., Ethnic-Greeks in Albania , Update Jonathan Fox (1995), Lyubov Mincheva (1999), p. 8.
(120) .In an interview with Der Spiegel magazine on 30 March 1992, o Democratic Party leader Sali Berisha (Sali Berisha) stated that the Greek minority in Albania does not exceed 45,000 people.
(121) .it indicative of the position of dedicating the First Report on implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Albanian minority, as the biggest national minority in Albania.
(122) .During the Hoxha regime had recognized " Macedonian "minority with a population of 4,697 according to the census of 1989. Poulton H., The Bakans. Minorities and States in Conflict , London 1993, p. 195, p. 201-202.
Source: Theofanis Malkidis , The National Greek minority in Albania , Panepirotiki Federation of America, 2007.
* The Theofanis Malkidis is Doctor of Social and Political Sciences and research dealing with politics, economics and society in the Balkans and the Black Sea. He is a member of the International Association for Academic study of genocide and has been honored by the Press Council of National Communities of Canada for his contribution to the promotion of culture and understanding between ethnic communities. Main works are: " Adaptation and creation of rural society in the Greek State "," Rural Sociology, Principles of Sociology , "" The Armenian Genocide and the right to memory "," Aspects of Greek Social life in Black Sea "," La Situation de la Grecque Minorite en Albanie. A l`egard du Droit International relatif A la Protection des Minorites. Dimensions Politiques et Juridques "(in collaboration with Stefano Ambatzi)," Society and minorities in the Balkan peninsula. Albania and the Greek community in Himara "(in collaboration with Konstantinos Dimitropoulos).
The Greeks are the largest minority group in Albania, are an indigenous population (99) and is associated with a number of attempts, or the unification of Northern Epirus to Greece or the self-determination within the Albanian state-very important period is This World War II, but mainly for the protection and respect of human rights by the early 20th century when it was founded the Albanian national state.
The unilateral declaration of 1921 is, as mentioned, the legal recognition of ethnic Greek minority and performance rights in this and lists Albania commitments to its citizens belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities. The protection regime regards freedom of religion and language rights, while guaranteeing the principle of non-discrimination and equality before the law. The Declaration was accepted by the Council of the League on the same day of her testimony and was explicitly guaranteed by the competent bodies. The rights of the ethnic Greek minority remained only formally respected for Hoxha. The Constitution of 1946 stated that ethnic minorities enjoy all rights relating to the protection of their cultural development and the free use of their language (Article 39), while the Constitution of 1977 gave guarantees to national minorities for the protection and development of culture and their folk traditions, the use of their mother tongue and teaching of the school, and gender in development in all areas of social life (Article 42). But although both the Constitution state the equality of citizens regardless of nationality, race or religion and the rights of minorities, no specific groups (100), while the Constitution of 1946 transferred the management of all schools in the state, removing the right had prewar Greek populations. Certainly according to the general assumption, the Hoxha regime struck minority education to the extent that degrade the quality of life of the Greeks and reduce significantly their rights. The minority education after passing the direct control of the state was downgraded due to lack of infrastructure and specialized training. In the case of Himara, the regime closed the Greek school as a retaliatory measure for the negative attitude of the local people in the elections of 1946. The Hoxha regime created the so-called 'minority zones' which were placed 99 settlements whose native language was Greek and excluded the Greek-speaking villages of Himara -the 1959 and removed the Greek nationality-and Arta Vlora, and areas with Greek populations (Gjirokastra, Premeti, etc.).
Two issues concerning the Greek minority this time and are of major importance for Greek politics. The first issue is related to the number. In 1930, a record of 37,000 Greeks in Albania, while the corresponding increase of the Albanian population by the 1980s was four times, and would bring the Greek population of about 150,000, the census of 1960 recorded 40,000 Greeks, 1979 49 307 and 1989 48 758 (101) excluding those in the population of Himara. Obviously, this is for those who were currently recorded with "Nationality Greek." The sum of the inhabitants of villages, together with the Greeks of the three cities in the region -akolouthontas the number and estimates themselves Greeks of Albania and admitting the whole population of Greek villages, 60000-61000 surpassed the Greeks in the region minority areas (102). The deviation from the Albanian census of 1989, concerns ie 4,000 to 5,000 Greeks within the "minority areas" (103). Besides the "minority zones", the estimates for the population of the Greek minority is clearly more difficult.
(103). 26500 The Greeks gave the census of 1945, if followed, the average Albanian index growth of the postwar period (16.05 per thousand inhabitants) should be 74000 in 1989. Berholli A., '' The Greek Minority in The Albanian Republic. A Demographic Study '', Albanian Catholic Bulletin, vol. XV, San Francisco, 1994, p. 87-93 and Kallivretakis Av., '' The Greek community of Albania from the perspective of historical geography and demography 'in Veremi T. et al. (Ed.) The Greeks of Albania, ibid, p. 25-58.
Beyond the issue of deprivation of minority rights as a result of the relocation was made longer and other difficulties related to the redefinition of the actual identity of these people, and their language in areas outside "minority zones" (104). The problem lies mainly in Tirana, where census gives 610 people as Greeks, and secondarily in Vlora which gives 200. O number of Greeks were and are in Tirana and Vlora and Durres,twice as much as Albanian inventories, and this et yeah result of forced relocation and exit from the Albanian rural South to the urban centers.
H gradual assimilation of Greeks who lived in an area, the exodus of many members of the minority to Greece during the Second World War, the major cluster sizes derived from the Greek minority, are factors that contribute to a significant reduction of the initially calculated maximum number of 150,000, and necessarily reduce the number of Greeks under 100,000. On the other hand, the Greek policy argued that the Greeks in Albania reached 400,000, while a survey by the US State Department stated in 266.800 Greeks (105).
The second issue concerns who the Greeks in Albania after Hoxha's regime struck the Greek minority. O difficult identifying the Greek minority from the 'minority zone "(106) is also a result of aiming high degree of integration of the Albanian society, while HellenoVlachs considered as Albanians.
In the early 1960s, the Hoxha regime violently moved here five thousand HellenoVlachs accommodation in the seaside area of Examilia until BPYV. This population with border closures remained in Albania. But continued to arise outside civil status registers and not even know Albanian. In a census HellenoVlachs section in Colonia area in 1945 there were native speakers Vlach and Greek as a foreign language, and do not even mention the Albanian (107).
The displaced HellenoVlachs settled in villages Liountzerias, Zagora and chin, areas from which the scheme had to remove the above ways much of the local population. After o al these operators Greek and Hellenic-consciousness. In Liountzeria the HellenoVlachs even founded and villages of their own, such as Anton Pozzo. But we included in Albanian schools and arbitrarily nationality was Albanian. The scheme opened Albanian schools and for HellenoVlachs in Pogoni, not allowing them to go on existing Greek schools.
However between HellenoVlachs followed by mass arrests and heavy sentences with permanent categories ' partners Greeks monarcho-fascists . " Sixty HellenoVlachs led the squad, while the punishments and penalties such amount to 1850 years in prison. Within a few decades, however, the GREEK language was unnecessary and potentially of parilikon. Indeed and Vlach came second place in villages with a mixed Albanian-Vlach population allowing the entire territory in Albanian (108).
In their current installation Vlachs can be identified in two local-geographical sections. The first lives in areas of Pogradec, Korca and Erseka of Premetis, and to a lesser extent of Gjirokastra and Ag. Saranda. The second significant concentration located north of Vlora-Berat line until Kavagia. After 1991 the Human Rights Union Party (CyNet), with which national Greek minority is represented, gave 150,000 Vlach population, with Greek consciousness.
The social advancement of Greeks in Albania was welcomed by the regime as long as accompanied by removal of the Greek national ideology (109) and support the CRL which selected one treatment that is consistent with the Leninist doctrine of minorities (110) and the gradual assimilation the Greeks in Albania was their integration provided the Albanian national and social fabric. The scheme followed a systematic and continuous erosion of the Greek minority with spread to other areas (111), party positions and state officials Greek origin locations outside minority areas (112), proceeded to forced displacement, exile and imprisonment Greeks designated dissidents to status (113), and parallel installation Albanians in minority areas, and created cutting conditions from the Greek cultural tradition (114).
The exile of Greeks combined with the exile of the whole family or the marginalization of the living spaces of. The exile of Greeks initially was the castle of Gjirokastra and later continued in the camps at Spata, the Bourel and Vlotsist but also in remote villages where lacked health care, nutrition, and systematically tortured and 10-12% of Greeks from pure Greek regions, prosecuted.
The result of this policy aimed at inclusion of the Greeks in the Albanian society and the large number of mixed marriages (115). Children from mixed marriages in Albanian urban centers had inadequate or no knowledge of the Greek language and was fully embedded in an Albanian national identity.
Another method for corrosion of the Greek community was the naming in Greek Albanian names, or Illyrian or newly minted -eg Maregklen as the collapse of the names Marx, Engels, Lenin and the change of Greek names in the settlements (eg Theologian Saranda in Partisan, Agios Nikolaos in Drita, blackbirds in Bouronia) (116). This was coupled with the creation of new settlements with residents Albanian Muslim in the pure minority areas. For example from the 1950s created new villages called "socialist villages" in Gjirokastër County (Valeria, Vrysera, Asim Zeneli, Anton Pozzo, Bylis, etc.) and Saranda (Fitoria, Ntavera, Gkiasta, etc.) (117). Even used the system of surveillance zones in minority areas, the curfew and repressive measures (eg power lines at the border with Greece, etc.), against the will of Greece the existence of the minority to be factor friendship and bridge between peoples (118).
But after 1991 the regime change, the number of members of the Greek minority has been further reduced since a large part of Greeks emigrated to Greece (119). 2001 census also did not include nationality and for this reason the members of ethnic Greek minority abstained. It is estimated that today the Greek minority consists of 400,000 members (120). Today the minority is considered as "forever recognized as a national" (121) which indicates the particular ideological weight of the existence of*greek minority in Greek-Albanian relations, and recognition has become a " Macedonian "minority (122), ethnic Montenegrin, Vlach , Roma, Egyptians, etc.
(99) .Ekdotiki Athens, Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and culture , Athens 1997, p. 212.
(100) .In the book Salakou, N., Albania Geography for the fourth class of eight year old school , Tirana, text book publishers, 1980, p. 62, stated that " in Albania except Albanians living and a very small minority with Greek and Macedonian Nationality. In the People's Socialist Republic of Albania national minorities have equal rights with the Albanian people . "
(101) .Zanga L. " Albania. Minorities; An overview ", Report on Eastern Europe, vol. 2, Bo. 50, 1991, p. 3.
(104) .The isolated areas of the Albanian north, inhospitable for the Greeks and Albanians in the south, like Cuckoos and Hassi in northern Albania, the number of Greeks who gave the 1989 census, it should not be considered unrealistic, while the same census gives for the region of Premetis 442 Greeks.
(105) .Sherman A., Ibid, p. 120.
(106) .Winnifrith T., Vlachs of Albania , London 1995, p. 58-59. See. Kahl Th., Ethnizitat raumliche Verteilung und der Aromunen in Sudosteuropa ? Münster; 1999. Schwandner-Sievers St., "The Albanian Aromanians' Awakening: Identity Politics and Conflicts in Post-Communist Albania", European Center for Minority Issues in 1999 Council of Europe, Report submitted by Albania pursuant to art. 25, para. 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, ACFC / SR (2001) 5, p. 16. Akomi for the Vlachs in Alssavias the 19th and 20th centuries see. Koukoudis A., Metropolis and Diaspora of Vlachs, Thessaloniki , ed. Institute Amyvtikov Analysis - Zitros, 2000.
(107) .Potsi S., Scientific studies 5 , University Argyrokastro 2001, p 139.
(108) .Potsi S., Ibid, p. 139-140.
(109) It has interesting to note that the encyclopedic dictionary of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Albania Academy of Sciences did not acknowledge the indigenous and the long presence of the Greek minority stating that " the inhabitants of Dropolis arrived here in the 18th century as tenants in estates Albanian landowners . " H stated that Himara is an Illyrian town, while areas of Saranda and Delvinou not even mentioned as areas with Greek populations. See. Akademia E Shkencave E Republik Popullare Socialist te Shqiperise , Fjalor enciklopedik, Tirane 1985, p. 270, 345-346.
(110) .Kofos E., Balkan minorities in communist regimes , Thessaloniki 1960, p. 27.
(111) .Vikers M., Albanians, Athens, ed. Ulysses, 1997, p. 311.
(112) .In the 1980s only the Albanian north appointed more than 300 executives of the Greek community. Barkas P., " The Greek minority on Hoxha regime "in Tsitselikis - Christopoulos, ibid, p. 225-264
(113) .Tsakas A., The chronikotis long-lasting tragedy of Northern Epirus. Martyrology Northern Epirus, Ioannina, ed. Northern Research Institute, 1999.
(114) .Syndesmos Pensioners Ellinodaskalon National Greek minority of Northern Epirus, Aaografika Blended national Greek minority of Northern Epirus, Gjirokastra 2004. Katsalidas C., The identity of the Greeks of Northern Epirus, Ioannina, ed. Northern Research Institute, 2004. Dayan
S., Apokliromeno nation. The popular literature of the Greeks of Northern Epirus, Greece, ed. Kyromanos, 1997, p. 18. The same Greek language education and culture of the Greek National Minority in Albania during the communist totalitarianism, Thessaloniki 1995, p. 67. For the works of Greek minority which displays the status see. books Tsuka P., Aefteri life, Tirana 1953, Acyl heart, Tirana 1981 and Songs of exile, Tirana, nd
(115) .The degrading wages forced the Greeks to find in any manner and terms (masters in mixed marriages) refuge in cities and other urban centers. It should be taken into account and the diffusion of Greek intelligentsia in Albanian territory or needs of the regime, or because their occupation had nothing to do with the economic-social development of the Greek regions. 50% in the cities of Gjirokastra, Saranda and Delvinou category of mixed marriages. Also, the population of the town of Himara in 1990 amounted to 8500. The number of prisoners on the communist regime for political reasons amounts to 2,700 people with imprisonment from 12 to 25 years, five people were executed, three people were tried in 101 years. 100 families were displaced. Simultaneously, according to the club Cheimarrioton the number Cheimarrioton in Albanian territory, especially in the cities Tirana, Durres, Vlora, Fieri and Liousnia estimated at ten thousand. While the number of cheimarrioton graduates of Albanian universities reaches 380 people. In Droviani the period of Hoxha, 29 people were imprisoned and executed eight. Of the 18 who studied Greek language in Greece, 7 and 9 were imprisoned fled to Greece to save.
Simultaneously 122 Drovianites are graduates of universities in Albania. Of these, only 14 have served in the region and the rest of the rest of Albanian territory. Because of persecution and the difficult living conditions left the village of 135 families. As a result if the 1913 numbered 1630 inhabitants. 1990 is just 780 residents.
The Polytsiani 1913 numbered 1650 inhabitants. In 1985 the village inhabited by 585 people or 136 families of Greek officers and 23 Albanian families. The village had 19 prisoners, or 680 years in prison and 95 persecuted families. From Polytsiani removed 250 families and single Vlora numbered 156 polytsianitikes families. In Divri population of 1899 stood at 1100 people. In 1990 700 people. Until 1967 were led in prison 35 Divriotis, five of them were women. Total years of imprisonment amounted to 268. Four were sentenced to death penalty and two died in prison. In the same period, 25 people escaped to Greece. In retaliation, 17 families displaced.
(116) .Yp. No. 225 / 09.23.1975 decision of the Bureau of the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Albania.
(117) .Papadopoulos G.Ch., ibid, p. 190.
(118). The Greek Foreign Minister K. Papoulias after his visit to Albania (November 1987) Antonopoulos H., ibid, p. 42.
(119) .Fekrat B., Ethnic-Greeks in Albania , Update Jonathan Fox (1995), Lyubov Mincheva (1999), p. 8.
(120) .In an interview with Der Spiegel magazine on 30 March 1992, o Democratic Party leader Sali Berisha (Sali Berisha) stated that the Greek minority in Albania does not exceed 45,000 people.
(121) .it indicative of the position of dedicating the First Report on implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Albanian minority, as the biggest national minority in Albania.
(122) .During the Hoxha regime had recognized " Macedonian "minority with a population of 4,697 according to the census of 1989. Poulton H., The Bakans. Minorities and States in Conflict , London 1993, p. 195, p. 201-202.
Source: Theofanis Malkidis , The National Greek minority in Albania , Panepirotiki Federation of America, 2007.
* The Theofanis Malkidis is Doctor of Social and Political Sciences and research dealing with politics, economics and society in the Balkans and the Black Sea. He is a member of the International Association for Academic study of genocide and has been honored by the Press Council of National Communities of Canada for his contribution to the promotion of culture and understanding between ethnic communities. Main works are: " Adaptation and creation of rural society in the Greek State "," Rural Sociology, Principles of Sociology , "" The Armenian Genocide and the right to memory "," Aspects of Greek Social life in Black Sea "," La Situation de la Grecque Minorite en Albanie. A l`egard du Droit International relatif A la Protection des Minorites. Dimensions Politiques et Juridques "(in collaboration with Stefano Ambatzi)," Society and minorities in the Balkan peninsula. Albania and the Greek community in Himara "(in collaboration with Konstantinos Dimitropoulos).