Post by Duke John on Dec 6, 2008 12:32:49 GMT -5
This thread is about Chechen people, starting with their Language:
Language.
The Caucasus has been famed since antiquity for the sheer number and diversity of its languages and for the exotic grammatical structures of the language families indigenous there. This diversity testifies to millennia of generally peaceable relations among autonomous ethnic groups.
Chechen and Ingush, together with Batsbi or Tsova-Tush (a moribund minority language of Georgia) make up the Nakh branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian, or Northeast Caucasian, language family.
There are over 30 languages in the Northeast Caucasian family, most of them spoken in Daghestan just to the east of Chechnya. The split of the Nakh branch from the rest of the family took place about 5000-6000 years ago (thus the Nakh-Daghestanian family is comparable in age to Indo-European, the language family ancestral to English, French, Russian, Greek, Hindi, etc.), though the split of Chechen from Ingush probably dates back only to the middle ages. The entire family is indigenous to the Caucasus mountains and has no demonstrable relations to any language group either in or out of the Caucasus. Like most indigenous Caucasian languages Chechen has a wealth of consonants, including uvular and pharyngeal sounds like those of Arabic and glottalized or ejective consonants like those of many native American languages; and a large vowel system somewhat resembling that of Swedish or German. Like its sister languages Chechen has extensive inflectional morphology including a dozen nominal cases and several gender classes, and forms long and complex sentences by chaining participial clauses together. The case system is ergative, i.e. the subject of a transitive verb appears in an oblique case and the direct object is in the nominative, as is the subject of an intransitive verb (as in Basque); verbs take no person agreement, but some of them agree in gender with the direct object or intransitive subject.
97% or more of the Chechens claim Chechen as their first language, though most also speak Russian, generally quite fluently. Chechen and Ingush are so close to each other that with some practice a speaker of one has fair comprehension of the other, and where the two languages are in contact they are used together: a Chechen addresses an Ingush in Chechen, the Ingush replies in Ingush, and communication proceeds more or less smoothly.
Chechen was not traditionally a written language. An orthography using the Russian alphabet was created in the 1930's and is used for various kinds of publication, although for most Chechens the chief vehicle of literacy is Russian. Traditionally, as in most North Caucasian societies, many individuals were bilingual or multilingual, using an important lowlands language (e.g. Kumyk, spoken in market towns and prestigious as its speakers were early converts to Islam) for inter-ethnic communication; any literacy was in Arabic. Russian has now displaced both Kumyk and Arabic in these functions. Particularly if the Chechen and Ingush economies continue to be destroyed and unemployment and mass homelessness continue to undermine the social structure, there is danger that Chechen and Ingush will be functionally reduced to household languages and will then yield completely to Russian, with concomitant loss of much of the cultural heritage.
By Johanna Nichols : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Nichols
Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen)
Language.
The Caucasus has been famed since antiquity for the sheer number and diversity of its languages and for the exotic grammatical structures of the language families indigenous there. This diversity testifies to millennia of generally peaceable relations among autonomous ethnic groups.
Chechen and Ingush, together with Batsbi or Tsova-Tush (a moribund minority language of Georgia) make up the Nakh branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian, or Northeast Caucasian, language family.
There are over 30 languages in the Northeast Caucasian family, most of them spoken in Daghestan just to the east of Chechnya. The split of the Nakh branch from the rest of the family took place about 5000-6000 years ago (thus the Nakh-Daghestanian family is comparable in age to Indo-European, the language family ancestral to English, French, Russian, Greek, Hindi, etc.), though the split of Chechen from Ingush probably dates back only to the middle ages. The entire family is indigenous to the Caucasus mountains and has no demonstrable relations to any language group either in or out of the Caucasus. Like most indigenous Caucasian languages Chechen has a wealth of consonants, including uvular and pharyngeal sounds like those of Arabic and glottalized or ejective consonants like those of many native American languages; and a large vowel system somewhat resembling that of Swedish or German. Like its sister languages Chechen has extensive inflectional morphology including a dozen nominal cases and several gender classes, and forms long and complex sentences by chaining participial clauses together. The case system is ergative, i.e. the subject of a transitive verb appears in an oblique case and the direct object is in the nominative, as is the subject of an intransitive verb (as in Basque); verbs take no person agreement, but some of them agree in gender with the direct object or intransitive subject.
97% or more of the Chechens claim Chechen as their first language, though most also speak Russian, generally quite fluently. Chechen and Ingush are so close to each other that with some practice a speaker of one has fair comprehension of the other, and where the two languages are in contact they are used together: a Chechen addresses an Ingush in Chechen, the Ingush replies in Ingush, and communication proceeds more or less smoothly.
Chechen was not traditionally a written language. An orthography using the Russian alphabet was created in the 1930's and is used for various kinds of publication, although for most Chechens the chief vehicle of literacy is Russian. Traditionally, as in most North Caucasian societies, many individuals were bilingual or multilingual, using an important lowlands language (e.g. Kumyk, spoken in market towns and prestigious as its speakers were early converts to Islam) for inter-ethnic communication; any literacy was in Arabic. Russian has now displaced both Kumyk and Arabic in these functions. Particularly if the Chechen and Ingush economies continue to be destroyed and unemployment and mass homelessness continue to undermine the social structure, there is danger that Chechen and Ingush will be functionally reduced to household languages and will then yield completely to Russian, with concomitant loss of much of the cultural heritage.
By Johanna Nichols : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Nichols
Chechen Introduction:
ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0203.gif
Phonology:
1.1. Phonemic system - page 4
page4-5: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0405.gif
page6-7: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0607.gif
page8-9: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0809.gif
1.2. Phonotaetics - page 10
page10-11: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif
page12-13: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1213.gif
1.3. Suprasegmentals - page 14
page14-15: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1415.gif
1.4. Morphophonemics - page 15
page16-17: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1617.gif
page18-19: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1819.gif
1.5. Focus Gemination - page 20
page20-21: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2021.gif
Morphology
2.1. Nouns - page 21
page22-23: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2223.gif
page24-25: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2425.gif
page26-27: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2627.gif
2.2. Postpositions - page 28
2.3. Adjectives - page 29
page28-29: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2829.gif
2.4. Pronouns - page 31
page30-31: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3031.gif
page32-33: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3233.gif
page34-35: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3435.gif
2.5. Verbs - page 36
page36-37: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3637.gif
page38-39: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3839.gif
page40-41: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4041.gif
page42-43: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4243.gif
page44-45: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4445.gif
page46-47: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4647.gif
page48-49: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4849.gif
2.6. Adverbs - page 50
2.7. Other indeclinables - page 51
2.8. Numerals - page 51
page50-51: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5051.gif
Syntax
3.1. Noun phrase - page 53
page52-53: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5253.gif
3.2. Clause structure - page 54
page54-55: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5455.gif
page56-57: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5657.gif
3.3. Word order - page 58
page58-59: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5859.gif
3.4. Clause coordination - 60
3.5. Subordination - page 61
page60-61: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6061.gif
page62-63: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6263.gif
3.6. Chained clauses - page 65
page64-65: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6465.gif
3.7. Causatives - page 67
page66-67: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6667.gif
3.8. Reflexivisation - page 68
3.9. Reciprocals - page 69
3.10. Questions - page 69
page68-69: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6869.gif
page70-71: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7071.gif
3.11. Negation - page 73
page72-73: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7273.gif
3.12. The V+ quasi-constituent - page 74
Acknowledgments - page 75
page74-75: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7475.gif
Footnotes - page 76
References - page 77
page76-77: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7677.gif
Chechen Introduction:
ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0203.gif
Phonology:
1.1. Phonemic system - page 4
page4-5: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0405.gif
page6-7: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0607.gif
page8-9: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0809.gif
1.2. Phonotaetics - page 10
page10-11: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif
page12-13: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1213.gif
1.3. Suprasegmentals - page 14
page14-15: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1415.gif
1.4. Morphophonemics - page 15
page16-17: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1617.gif
page18-19: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1819.gif
1.5. Focus Gemination - page 20
page20-21: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2021.gif
Morphology
2.1. Nouns - page 21
page22-23: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2223.gif
page24-25: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2425.gif
page26-27: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2627.gif
2.2. Postpositions - page 28
2.3. Adjectives - page 29
page28-29: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2829.gif
2.4. Pronouns - page 31
page30-31: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3031.gif
page32-33: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3233.gif
page34-35: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3435.gif
2.5. Verbs - page 36
page36-37: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3637.gif
page38-39: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3839.gif
page40-41: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4041.gif
page42-43: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4243.gif
page44-45: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4445.gif
page46-47: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4647.gif
page48-49: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4849.gif
2.6. Adverbs - page 50
2.7. Other indeclinables - page 51
2.8. Numerals - page 51
page50-51: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5051.gif
Syntax
3.1. Noun phrase - page 53
page52-53: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5253.gif
3.2. Clause structure - page 54
page54-55: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5455.gif
page56-57: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5657.gif
3.3. Word order - page 58
page58-59: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5859.gif
3.4. Clause coordination - 60
3.5. Subordination - page 61
page60-61: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6061.gif
page62-63: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6263.gif
3.6. Chained clauses - page 65
page64-65: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6465.gif
3.7. Causatives - page 67
page66-67: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6667.gif
3.8. Reflexivisation - page 68
3.9. Reciprocals - page 69
3.10. Questions - page 69
page68-69: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6869.gif
page70-71: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7071.gif
3.11. Negation - page 73
page72-73: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7273.gif
3.12. The V+ quasi-constituent - page 74
Acknowledgments - page 75
page74-75: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7475.gif
Footnotes - page 76
References - page 77
page76-77: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7677.gif
Language.
The Caucasus has been famed since antiquity for the sheer number and diversity of its languages and for the exotic grammatical structures of the language families indigenous there. This diversity testifies to millennia of generally peaceable relations among autonomous ethnic groups.
Chechen and Ingush, together with Batsbi or Tsova-Tush (a moribund minority language of Georgia) make up the Nakh branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian, or Northeast Caucasian, language family.
There are over 30 languages in the Northeast Caucasian family, most of them spoken in Daghestan just to the east of Chechnya. The split of the Nakh branch from the rest of the family took place about 5000-6000 years ago (thus the Nakh-Daghestanian family is comparable in age to Indo-European, the language family ancestral to English, French, Russian, Greek, Hindi, etc.), though the split of Chechen from Ingush probably dates back only to the middle ages. The entire family is indigenous to the Caucasus mountains and has no demonstrable relations to any language group either in or out of the Caucasus. Like most indigenous Caucasian languages Chechen has a wealth of consonants, including uvular and pharyngeal sounds like those of Arabic and glottalized or ejective consonants like those of many native American languages; and a large vowel system somewhat resembling that of Swedish or German. Like its sister languages Chechen has extensive inflectional morphology including a dozen nominal cases and several gender classes, and forms long and complex sentences by chaining participial clauses together. The case system is ergative, i.e. the subject of a transitive verb appears in an oblique case and the direct object is in the nominative, as is the subject of an intransitive verb (as in Basque); verbs take no person agreement, but some of them agree in gender with the direct object or intransitive subject.
97% or more of the Chechens claim Chechen as their first language, though most also speak Russian, generally quite fluently. Chechen and Ingush are so close to each other that with some practice a speaker of one has fair comprehension of the other, and where the two languages are in contact they are used together: a Chechen addresses an Ingush in Chechen, the Ingush replies in Ingush, and communication proceeds more or less smoothly.
Chechen was not traditionally a written language. An orthography using the Russian alphabet was created in the 1930's and is used for various kinds of publication, although for most Chechens the chief vehicle of literacy is Russian. Traditionally, as in most North Caucasian societies, many individuals were bilingual or multilingual, using an important lowlands language (e.g. Kumyk, spoken in market towns and prestigious as its speakers were early converts to Islam) for inter-ethnic communication; any literacy was in Arabic. Russian has now displaced both Kumyk and Arabic in these functions. Particularly if the Chechen and Ingush economies continue to be destroyed and unemployment and mass homelessness continue to undermine the social structure, there is danger that Chechen and Ingush will be functionally reduced to household languages and will then yield completely to Russian, with concomitant loss of much of the cultural heritage.
By Johanna Nichols : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Nichols
Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen)
Language.
The Caucasus has been famed since antiquity for the sheer number and diversity of its languages and for the exotic grammatical structures of the language families indigenous there. This diversity testifies to millennia of generally peaceable relations among autonomous ethnic groups.
Chechen and Ingush, together with Batsbi or Tsova-Tush (a moribund minority language of Georgia) make up the Nakh branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian, or Northeast Caucasian, language family.
There are over 30 languages in the Northeast Caucasian family, most of them spoken in Daghestan just to the east of Chechnya. The split of the Nakh branch from the rest of the family took place about 5000-6000 years ago (thus the Nakh-Daghestanian family is comparable in age to Indo-European, the language family ancestral to English, French, Russian, Greek, Hindi, etc.), though the split of Chechen from Ingush probably dates back only to the middle ages. The entire family is indigenous to the Caucasus mountains and has no demonstrable relations to any language group either in or out of the Caucasus. Like most indigenous Caucasian languages Chechen has a wealth of consonants, including uvular and pharyngeal sounds like those of Arabic and glottalized or ejective consonants like those of many native American languages; and a large vowel system somewhat resembling that of Swedish or German. Like its sister languages Chechen has extensive inflectional morphology including a dozen nominal cases and several gender classes, and forms long and complex sentences by chaining participial clauses together. The case system is ergative, i.e. the subject of a transitive verb appears in an oblique case and the direct object is in the nominative, as is the subject of an intransitive verb (as in Basque); verbs take no person agreement, but some of them agree in gender with the direct object or intransitive subject.
97% or more of the Chechens claim Chechen as their first language, though most also speak Russian, generally quite fluently. Chechen and Ingush are so close to each other that with some practice a speaker of one has fair comprehension of the other, and where the two languages are in contact they are used together: a Chechen addresses an Ingush in Chechen, the Ingush replies in Ingush, and communication proceeds more or less smoothly.
Chechen was not traditionally a written language. An orthography using the Russian alphabet was created in the 1930's and is used for various kinds of publication, although for most Chechens the chief vehicle of literacy is Russian. Traditionally, as in most North Caucasian societies, many individuals were bilingual or multilingual, using an important lowlands language (e.g. Kumyk, spoken in market towns and prestigious as its speakers were early converts to Islam) for inter-ethnic communication; any literacy was in Arabic. Russian has now displaced both Kumyk and Arabic in these functions. Particularly if the Chechen and Ingush economies continue to be destroyed and unemployment and mass homelessness continue to undermine the social structure, there is danger that Chechen and Ingush will be functionally reduced to household languages and will then yield completely to Russian, with concomitant loss of much of the cultural heritage.
By Johanna Nichols : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Nichols
Chechen Introduction:
ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0203.gif
Phonology:
1.1. Phonemic system - page 4
page4-5: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0405.gif
page6-7: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0607.gif
page8-9: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0809.gif
1.2. Phonotaetics - page 10
page10-11: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif
page12-13: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1213.gif
1.3. Suprasegmentals - page 14
page14-15: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1415.gif
1.4. Morphophonemics - page 15
page16-17: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1617.gif
page18-19: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1819.gif
1.5. Focus Gemination - page 20
page20-21: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2021.gif
Morphology
2.1. Nouns - page 21
page22-23: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2223.gif
page24-25: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2425.gif
page26-27: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2627.gif
2.2. Postpositions - page 28
2.3. Adjectives - page 29
page28-29: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2829.gif
2.4. Pronouns - page 31
page30-31: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3031.gif
page32-33: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3233.gif
page34-35: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3435.gif
2.5. Verbs - page 36
page36-37: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3637.gif
page38-39: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3839.gif
page40-41: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4041.gif
page42-43: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4243.gif
page44-45: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4445.gif
page46-47: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4647.gif
page48-49: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4849.gif
2.6. Adverbs - page 50
2.7. Other indeclinables - page 51
2.8. Numerals - page 51
page50-51: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5051.gif
Syntax
3.1. Noun phrase - page 53
page52-53: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5253.gif
3.2. Clause structure - page 54
page54-55: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5455.gif
page56-57: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5657.gif
3.3. Word order - page 58
page58-59: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5859.gif
3.4. Clause coordination - 60
3.5. Subordination - page 61
page60-61: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6061.gif
page62-63: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6263.gif
3.6. Chained clauses - page 65
page64-65: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6465.gif
3.7. Causatives - page 67
page66-67: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6667.gif
3.8. Reflexivisation - page 68
3.9. Reciprocals - page 69
3.10. Questions - page 69
page68-69: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6869.gif
page70-71: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7071.gif
3.11. Negation - page 73
page72-73: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7273.gif
3.12. The V+ quasi-constituent - page 74
Acknowledgments - page 75
page74-75: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7475.gif
Footnotes - page 76
References - page 77
page76-77: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7677.gif
Chechen Introduction:
ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0203.gif
Phonology:
1.1. Phonemic system - page 4
page4-5: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0405.gif
page6-7: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0607.gif
page8-9: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0809.gif
1.2. Phonotaetics - page 10
page10-11: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif
page12-13: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1213.gif
1.3. Suprasegmentals - page 14
page14-15: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1415.gif
1.4. Morphophonemics - page 15
page16-17: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1617.gif
page18-19: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1819.gif
1.5. Focus Gemination - page 20
page20-21: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2021.gif
Morphology
2.1. Nouns - page 21
page22-23: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2223.gif
page24-25: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2425.gif
page26-27: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2627.gif
2.2. Postpositions - page 28
2.3. Adjectives - page 29
page28-29: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch2829.gif
2.4. Pronouns - page 31
page30-31: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3031.gif
page32-33: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3233.gif
page34-35: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3435.gif
2.5. Verbs - page 36
page36-37: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3637.gif
page38-39: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch3839.gif
page40-41: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4041.gif
page42-43: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4243.gif
page44-45: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4445.gif
page46-47: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4647.gif
page48-49: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch4849.gif
2.6. Adverbs - page 50
2.7. Other indeclinables - page 51
2.8. Numerals - page 51
page50-51: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5051.gif
Syntax
3.1. Noun phrase - page 53
page52-53: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5253.gif
3.2. Clause structure - page 54
page54-55: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5455.gif
page56-57: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5657.gif
3.3. Word order - page 58
page58-59: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch5859.gif
3.4. Clause coordination - 60
3.5. Subordination - page 61
page60-61: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6061.gif
page62-63: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6263.gif
3.6. Chained clauses - page 65
page64-65: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6465.gif
3.7. Causatives - page 67
page66-67: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6667.gif
3.8. Reflexivisation - page 68
3.9. Reciprocals - page 69
3.10. Questions - page 69
page68-69: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch6869.gif
page70-71: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7071.gif
3.11. Negation - page 73
page72-73: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7273.gif
3.12. The V+ quasi-constituent - page 74
Acknowledgments - page 75
page74-75: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7475.gif
Footnotes - page 76
References - page 77
page76-77: ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch7677.gif
