Post by amoureux24 on Nov 13, 2007 18:08:22 GMT -5
European Haplogroups
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Modern DNA studies have shown that human beings can be categorised in haplogroups.
Each individual can be classified in a Y-chromosome (male ascendancy) haplogroup and a mitochondrial DNA (female ascendancy) haplogroup.
There are 18 principal Y-DNA hapolgroups (A to R), further subdivided inabout a hundred subgroups. MtDNA hapolgroups amount to 26 (A to Z), also further subdivided.
Overall, in the case of Europeans, ethnico-cultural groups are determined much more by the male line of DNA than the female one.
What Haplogroups do Europeans belong to ?
Male line
For Y-DNA, the dominant European haplogroups are R, I, J and N.
R1b (see map) is by far the most common in Western Europe, reaching over 90% of the population in some parts of western France, northern Spain or Ireland (probably a Celtic connection).
R1a (see map) predominates in Central and Eastern Europe, especially in Baltic and Slavic countries. It is also common in Central Asia, and even more in India.
The Haplogroup I represent 10 to 45% of the population in most of Europe (except Iberia, where it is virtually absent), but is more common in Northern and Eastern Europe. It is associated with the Aryan invadors of 3000 BCE who spread Indo-European languages.
I1a (see map) is mostly found in Scandinavia and Northern Germany. It can be associated with the Germanic ethnicity.
On the other hand, I1b is typical of South Slavs (Croats and Bosniaks), but also of Sardinians, Basques and some Northern Europeans, depending on the subclade.
The Haplogroup J is only found in South-East Europe, mostly in southern Italy, Greece and Romania. It is also common in Turkey and in the Middle East. It is related to the Ancient Greeks and Phoenicians.
The Haplogroup N is almost only present in Finland (epicenter within Europe), Russia, the Baltic countries, and even a little bit in Japan. It is of Uralic-Siberian origin.
The Haplogroups V and E3b1b are characteristic of North Africans (Berbers in the case of E3b1b). These two hapolgroups are found in Iberia, Italy and southern France, with the highest concentrations in the south (up to 50% for the V group in southern Portugal) and decreasing as we move north. The E3b1b group ranges from 1.5% in Northern Italians, 2.2% in Central Italians, 1.6% in southern Spaniards, 3.5% in the French, 4% in the Northern Portuguese, 12.2% in the southern Portuguese
Here is the chronological arrival in Europe for the paternal line :
R => 30,000 years ago (from the Middle East)
I => 25,000 years ago (arose from the Balkans - sole native European group)
J => 15,000 years ago (from Northern Mesopotamia)
N => 10,000 years ago (from Siberia)
E3b1b => less than 2000 years ago (from the Maghreb)
V => about 1200 years ago (from North Africa)
Female line
For mitochondrial DNA, things are more complicated, as there are dozens of haplogroups present. However they tend to be fairly evenly spread across the continent.
Haplogroup H is by far the most common all over Europe, accounting for about half of the European population. It is also found (though less predominantly) in North Africa and the Middle East.
The second and third most common mtDNA haplogroups are U and T.
Other haplogroups present in Europe include I, J (Eastern Europe), K (Ashkenazi Jews), R, V (Scandinavia), W (Baltic & India), and X.
Here is the chronological arrival in Europe for the maternal line :
U => 50,000 years ago
I => 30,000 years ago (from the Near East)
H, K => 15,000 years ago (from the Near East)
J, W => 10,000 years ago (from the Near East)
T => 10,000 years ago (from Mesopotamia)
V => 10,000 years ago (arose from Iberia and moved to Scandinavia)
R and X arose in Europe.
All mtDNA haplogroups found in Europe descend from the N group, which is thought to represent one of the two initial migrations by modern humans out of Africa, some 60,000 to 80,000 years ago. Nowadays, the mtDNA N haplogroup is only found in among Australian Aborigines. The gene has mutated everywhere else.
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Modern DNA studies have shown that human beings can be categorised in haplogroups.
Each individual can be classified in a Y-chromosome (male ascendancy) haplogroup and a mitochondrial DNA (female ascendancy) haplogroup.
There are 18 principal Y-DNA hapolgroups (A to R), further subdivided inabout a hundred subgroups. MtDNA hapolgroups amount to 26 (A to Z), also further subdivided.
Overall, in the case of Europeans, ethnico-cultural groups are determined much more by the male line of DNA than the female one.
What Haplogroups do Europeans belong to ?
Male line
For Y-DNA, the dominant European haplogroups are R, I, J and N.
R1b (see map) is by far the most common in Western Europe, reaching over 90% of the population in some parts of western France, northern Spain or Ireland (probably a Celtic connection).
R1a (see map) predominates in Central and Eastern Europe, especially in Baltic and Slavic countries. It is also common in Central Asia, and even more in India.
The Haplogroup I represent 10 to 45% of the population in most of Europe (except Iberia, where it is virtually absent), but is more common in Northern and Eastern Europe. It is associated with the Aryan invadors of 3000 BCE who spread Indo-European languages.
I1a (see map) is mostly found in Scandinavia and Northern Germany. It can be associated with the Germanic ethnicity.
On the other hand, I1b is typical of South Slavs (Croats and Bosniaks), but also of Sardinians, Basques and some Northern Europeans, depending on the subclade.
The Haplogroup J is only found in South-East Europe, mostly in southern Italy, Greece and Romania. It is also common in Turkey and in the Middle East. It is related to the Ancient Greeks and Phoenicians.
The Haplogroup N is almost only present in Finland (epicenter within Europe), Russia, the Baltic countries, and even a little bit in Japan. It is of Uralic-Siberian origin.
The Haplogroups V and E3b1b are characteristic of North Africans (Berbers in the case of E3b1b). These two hapolgroups are found in Iberia, Italy and southern France, with the highest concentrations in the south (up to 50% for the V group in southern Portugal) and decreasing as we move north. The E3b1b group ranges from 1.5% in Northern Italians, 2.2% in Central Italians, 1.6% in southern Spaniards, 3.5% in the French, 4% in the Northern Portuguese, 12.2% in the southern Portuguese
Here is the chronological arrival in Europe for the paternal line :
R => 30,000 years ago (from the Middle East)
I => 25,000 years ago (arose from the Balkans - sole native European group)
J => 15,000 years ago (from Northern Mesopotamia)
N => 10,000 years ago (from Siberia)
E3b1b => less than 2000 years ago (from the Maghreb)
V => about 1200 years ago (from North Africa)
Female line
For mitochondrial DNA, things are more complicated, as there are dozens of haplogroups present. However they tend to be fairly evenly spread across the continent.
Haplogroup H is by far the most common all over Europe, accounting for about half of the European population. It is also found (though less predominantly) in North Africa and the Middle East.
The second and third most common mtDNA haplogroups are U and T.
Other haplogroups present in Europe include I, J (Eastern Europe), K (Ashkenazi Jews), R, V (Scandinavia), W (Baltic & India), and X.
Here is the chronological arrival in Europe for the maternal line :
U => 50,000 years ago
I => 30,000 years ago (from the Near East)
H, K => 15,000 years ago (from the Near East)
J, W => 10,000 years ago (from the Near East)
T => 10,000 years ago (from Mesopotamia)
V => 10,000 years ago (arose from Iberia and moved to Scandinavia)
R and X arose in Europe.
All mtDNA haplogroups found in Europe descend from the N group, which is thought to represent one of the two initial migrations by modern humans out of Africa, some 60,000 to 80,000 years ago. Nowadays, the mtDNA N haplogroup is only found in among Australian Aborigines. The gene has mutated everywhere else.