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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 15:53:15 GMT -5
Illyrian movement
The Illyrian movement (Croatian: Ilirski pokret, Slovene: Ilirsko gibanje), also Croatian national revival (Hrvatski narodni preporod), was a cultural and political campaign initiated by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of 19th century, around the years of 1835–1849 (there is some disagreement regarding the official dates).[1] This movement aimed to create a Croatian national establishment in Austria-Hungary through linguistic and ethnic unity among South Slavs.
Danica Ilirska, Ljudevit Gaj's newspaper.
Context
In 19th century Europe, liberalism and nationalism were ideologies which came to the forefront of political culture. In Central Europe, where the Habsburg Empire had long asserted control over a variety of ethnic and cultural groups, nationalism appeared in a standard format. The beginning of the 19th century "was the period when the smaller, mostly Slavic nationalities of the empire - Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Ukrainians - remembered their historical traditions, revived their native languages as literary languages, reappropriated their traditions and folklore, in short reasserted their existence as nations."[2] This revival of national heritage encompasses the Illyrian Movement in Croatia.
In 1813, the bishop of Zagreb Maksimilijan Vrhovac issued a plea for the collection of "national treasures" (Poziv na sve duhovne pastire svoje biskupije), thereby heralding the national revival movement.
Beginnings
Just as Croatia felt nationalistic stirrings at this time, so did its larger neighbors, Hungary and Austria. Croats were uneasy with rising Hungarian nationalism, which pursued reduction of the Croatian autonomy and increased Magyarization. In order to preserve their autonomy, Croats pursued a deepening of their culture and a revival of their heritage.
In the beginning of the 1830s, a group of young Croatian writers gathered in Zagreb and established a movement for national renewal and unity of all South Slavs within the Habsburg Monarchy. The city of Zagreb had become an important center of political, economic, and cultural activity, so it was the center of the movement. Count Janko Drašković published his Dissertation in 1832, a pamphlet that later came to be considered the political, economic, social and cultural program of the movement, as it promoted the native language as official, more autonomy from central government, and better education and enlightenment for the common people.
The most important focus of the new Illyrians was the establishment of a standard language as a counter-weight to Hungarian, and the promotion of Croatian written literature and official culture. Ljudevit Gaj was instrumental in providing the foundation for the flourishing of the Croatian literature. Gaj was in fact the leader of the movement as a whole in the beginning for eight or nine years, at which point the leadership changed hands.[3] Gaj was largely responsible for writing the Croatian orthography and grammar (Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja – Brief basics of the Croatian-Slavonic orthography), which was necessary before a literary movement would be successful.
Etymology
Choosing "Illyrian" as their title was a symbolic gesture on the part of movement members and leadership, an attempt to bring the history of the Croatian people to the forefront. It is somewhat comparable to the French recalling the Gauls.
The Illyrian name was first revived during the Napoleonic Wars, when the French gave the name Illyrian Provinces to the Adriatic possessions acquired from the Austrian Empire in 1809. After 1813, when the territories were again included in the Austrian Empire, the Austrians kept the denomination and formed the Kingdom of Illyria, which comprised mostly the Slovene Lands.
Progress
The most influential writers within the movement were Ivan Mažuranić and Petar Preradović;.[4] Mažuranić contributed his epic Smrt Smail-age Čengića during this time, and Preradović published love lyrics.
Other notable literary contributions were made by Antun Mihanović (notably Horvatska Domovina which later became Our Beautiful Homeland), Stanko Vraz (satiric lyrics), Ljudevit Vukotinović (romantic lyrics), Dimitrija Demeter (prose, notably Grobničko polje, and drama), Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski (prose), Antun Nemčić (prose and itineraries). There was also the first notable itinerary Pogled u Bosnu by Matija Mažuranić.
After the government allowed the publishing of newspapers in Croatian in 1834, the new Illyrians issued the first Croatian newspaper, "Novine hrvatsko-slavonsko-dalmatinske", in 1835, establishing Croatian journalism. The paper was edited by Ljudevit Gaj and it also had a literary magazine "Danica" attached, both of which printed in Gaj's "National print" (Narodna tiskara). These literary successes "ultimately won intellectual, linguistic, and educational...independence for Croatia."[5]
In 1836, the papers were renamed to use the Illyrian name (Ilirske novine, Danica ilirska). In 1838, Janko Drašković helped found a reading room in Zagreb which served as a meeting place for the first "Illyrians".
In another cultural success, in 1846 the composer Vatroslav Lisinski wrote the first opera in Croatian, "Ljubav i zloba" (Love and malice).
The Illyrian movement, while concentrating on Croatian lands, was quite nationally inclusive, as it included many non-Croats. For example, Petar Preradović was an ethnic Serb, as was Josif Runjanin, Stanko Vraz was an ethnic Slovene, and Dimitrija Demetar was an ethnic Greek or Aromanian[1] [2]
Struggles
In 1840, the Illyrian movement suffered an internal setback when Stanko Vraz, Joakim Rakovac and Ljudevit Vukotinović split off from the movement due to creative differences in poetry. In 1842 they started publishing their own literary newspaper named Kolo.
More importantly, the movement was not well received by Hungarians and pro-Hungarian nobility. In 1843, the use of the Illyrian name was banned. Struggles in Croatian Sabor were so harsh that they caused unrest on Zagreb streets. On July 29, 1845, violent conflict causing bloodshed took place on Marko's square, later known as "July victims". Even still, Hungarian officials were unable to crush the movement.
The movement practically ceased to exist due to the Revolutions of 1848. In 1849, the Emperor Francis Joseph imposed a new constitution, all political dissent was censored, and the Danica went out of print.
Vlaho Bukovac:
Hrvatski narodni preporod,
Curtain at HNK in Zagreb
Aftermath
The movement's plea for unity among the Slavs, particularly South Slavs, also found supporters among prominent Serbs of the time, most notably Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, the reformer of Serbian language. Ljudevit Gaj had, in fact, appealed to Serbia (along with Dalmatia and Russia) for moral and financial support given their ethnic and cultural connections.[4]
In 1850, a small group of Illyrian and Serbian representatives signed the "Vienna agreement" which in effect proclaimed the southern Shtokavian dialect to be the standard, common language of Serbs and Croats, with Serbian Cyrillic and Croatian Latin alphabet as equal letters. The agreement was the basis of standardizing the Serbo-Croatian language.
Assessment and criticism
The Illyrian movement was the first and most prominent Pan-Slavic movement in Croatian history.
The Illyrian movement was successful in its goals for culture. "Where there was no precedent for nineteenth-century concepts like Czechoslovak or Illyrian nationhood these projects failed. Nationalism took hold insofar as it built on existing realities, historical, linguistic or social."[6] The period of the Illyrian movement is today referred to as the "Croatian national revival".
The movement formed the basis for a common Serbo-Croatian language, and it fostered support in Croatia for the later creation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918. However, in its ultimate goals of creating an Illyrian state, the movement failed. This failure of the idea to achieve Serbian-Croatian unity was apparent with the occurrence of the bloody Yugoslav wars. Furthermore, increasing Croatian nationalism back-fired on pan-Slavic ideals because a Croatian identity evolved and superseded the "Illyrian" hopes.
References
1. ^ Despalatovic, Elinor Murray. Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement. New York: East European Quarterly, 1975.
2. ^ Sperber, Jonathan. The European Revolutions, 1848-1851. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. page 99.
3. ^ Despalatovic, Elinor Murray. Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement. New York: East European Quarlerly, 1975
4. ^ a b Eterovich, Francis H. and Christopher Spalatin, ed. Croatia: Land, People, Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964.
5. ^ Eterovich, Francis H. and Christopher Spalatin, ed. Croatia: Land, People, Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964. page 245.
6. ^ Ingrao, Charles W. The Habsburg Monarchy 1618–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. page 110.
Further reading
* Tanner, Marcus (1997). "Illyrianism and the Croatian Quest for Statehood". Daedalus (MIT Press) 126 (3): 47–62. ISSN 00115266
[edit] External links
* Scrinia Slavonica Vol.6 No.1/2006 Role of Slavonian Franciscans in the national movement of the Danubian Croats during the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_movement |
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 15:53:27 GMT -5
 What would have been Illyria. Probably it would have been been the same area and generally same idea as Yugoslavia just replace the name Illyria with it and also add blanket 'Illyrian' language and blanket Illyrian identity. Illyrian movement was stopped by revolutions of 1848 and the Hungarians placed a ban on even the very USE of the word Illyrian (especially by Croats and Serbs). |
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 16:07:31 GMT -5
I don't know about others about something just clicks right about that map.
Nothing like going old school I guess.
;D ;D ;D
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 16:35:47 GMT -5
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 16:51:49 GMT -5
Meanwhile political changes of a far-reaching nature were taking place. Towards the end of the sixth century Eastern Illyria was overrun by Avars and Slavic tribes, and at the beginning of the seventh century was occupied by Croats and Serbs. These gradually developed into the Slavic kingdoms of Dalmatia and Croatia, whose history was one of varied fortunes until at last they came under the authority of the Hapsburgs. Nothing but the eastern coast and the islands of the Adriatic remained under Byzantine control, and these only until the eleventh century, when the rising Republic of Venice began to establish her authority there. The Byzantine rule was of longer duration in Eastern Illyria, but even there was frequently threatened and weakened by Serbs and Bulgars, until in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the Osmans conquered the whole Balkan Peninsula. The name of Illyria then disappeared from history, only to acquire new significance through the modern history of Austria. Under Leopold I (1636-1705) the Serbs or Raizi, who had been established on Hungarian territory since 1690, were designated as the Illyrian nation; to provide for their protection against Magyar incursions a special office was created at the Court of Vienna, known as the Illyrian Court Deputation, which was abolished in 1777, and in 1791 enjoyed a brief revival as the "Illyrian Imperial Chancery." Napoleon united the territories on the Adriatic Sea, ceded by Austria in the Peace of Schoenbrunn, in 1809, with Croatia and Ragusa, under the title of the "Seven Illyrian Provinces," made them a part of the French empire, and placed their administration in the hands of a governor general (Marmont, Funot, and Fouqué). After his fall the territories reverted to Austria, and were constituted, together with the islands, a kingdom of Illyria (1816), with two seats of government. In 1822 the civil district of Croatia and the littoral were separated and united with Hungary; the organization of the year 1849 did away entirely with the Kingdom of Illyria, resolving it into the crownlands of Carinthia, Carniola, and the coast lands (Görz and Gradiska; Istra; and Triest). www.newadvent.org/cathen/07663a.htm |
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Post by la3ar on Jan 29, 2011 17:39:45 GMT -5
So the "real" Illyrians spoke Serbo-croatian ?
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Post by ushtari on Jan 29, 2011 18:00:17 GMT -5
So the "real" Illyrians spoke Serbo-croatian ? Ofc not, Slavic was not spoken in Balkan before 600's. |
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Post by la3ar on Jan 29, 2011 18:02:56 GMT -5
^ thats incorrect. The slavic languages were spoken long before.
What was being spoken ?
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Post by ushtari on Jan 29, 2011 18:07:30 GMT -5
^ thats incorrect. The slavic languages were spoken long before. What was being spoken ? Yes but not in Balkan. It is documented how emperor hercaklius invited slavs to the balkans around 600's. Illyrian(Albanian) was spoken among others. |
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Post by la3ar on Jan 29, 2011 18:35:19 GMT -5
^ thats incorrect. The slavic languages were spoken long before. What was being spoken ? Yes but not in Balkan. It is documented how emperor hercaklius invited slavs to the balkans around 600's. Illyrian(Albanian) was spoken among others. The albanian language came way after the "Illyrian" movement. |
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Post by ushtari on Jan 29, 2011 18:38:00 GMT -5
The albanian language came way after the "Illyrian" movement. Albanian is developed from illyrian. |
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Post by la3ar on Jan 29, 2011 18:50:06 GMT -5
The albanian language came way after the "Illyrian" movement. Albanian is developed from illyrian. More like "fabricated" from. |
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 18:58:24 GMT -5
So the "real" Illyrians spoke Serbo-croatian ? Wrong. nameThe region known to Grecians and later day Romans as Illyria/ Illyricum Illyricum roughly encompassed what was former Yugoslavia plus northern Albania (southern half of Albanian would have been part of Hellenic state of Epirus who were of Dorian Greek extraction as were ancient Macedonians ). Original or Hellenic IllyriansOriginal Illyrians were Ardideans (roughly what is now Montenegro and its vicinity) as they were first to call themselves as such. I refer to them as southern Illyrians (together with Daorsi , Taulanti etc) since Illyria later during especially Romans meant a far larger area - so to avoid confusion. Southern Illyria appears fully Hellenic in language, culture and religion (Strabo compares them clearly to Hellenic Macedonia and Epirus as far as language, culture and religion are concerned). Language of southern Illyria, as far as possible non-Hellenic component are concerned, still navigates towards Hellenic language indirectly. What I mean is that there was a now extinct language in a country in central Anatolia called Phyrgia. They appear to have derived themselves from Vrygians (by Peonia or FYROM now). Phrygian was a very close cousin of ancient Greek and it might be logical to access that Vrygian would have been likely even closer to Hellenic if not one of its dialects (would explain why Strabo compares the three regions). All the remains in southern Illyria were written (coins, official government terminology) were only in Hellenic language. Southern Illyria was by far the most advanced region culturally speaking of any others parts of so called Illyria/Illyricum if for no other reason by the sheer proximity to what was then by far the most advanced part of Europe - GREECE. "Added as Illyrians"Expanded later term Illyria and Roman province of Illyricum included much bigger expanse of territory and it consisted of two distinct cultural areas at least. North Adriatic or Italic 'Illyrians'Dalmatia , Liburnia and Histrians (northern Adriatic area) was clearly Italic-like in terms of language and culture and it was surely on a somewhat lower scale of a civilization from southern Illyria. Ancient Dalmates were more primitive then southern Hellenic (or at least Hellenic-like Illyrians) and from Histrians (who were closest to culturally more advanced Italy). Certain areas such as where Iapodes lived (ex. present area of Lika) were clearly strongly influenced by Celts. Northern or Pannonian 'Illyrians'By far the most primitive culturally speaking and furthers from either Italy or Greece. Culture reminiscent of ultra-primitive ancient forest dwelling Germans or Slavs. Language unknown as no remains exist. PannoniansFor more data illyriancommunities.illyria.net/ROMAN RULEMost areas of Illyria become heavily Romanized culturally speaking (only ones closest to advanced Greece, like ones in today's Albania resist due to already existent advanced culture) and also prosper under Roman rule. With time much of coastal Illyria will develop its own Latin language called Dalmatian (more akin to Italian then Romanian containing also features which are quite archaic and thus makes it somewhat unique versus both) while I believe that what is now Romanian language should seek its origins in perhaps both NW Bulgaria and Serbia (together with Albanian which might be same as Romanian + Dacian + Crusader/ Norman component). Centuries after Slavs arrive Vlachs will appear in western Balkans who are descendants of these Romanized 'Illyrians'. These Vlachs mainly 'dissipate' by ~1500s and one of the last remaining 'Vlach' cultural strongholds Ragusa (now called Dubrovnik) starts gradually moving more in slavophone direction ( Time frame ) SLAVIC INVASIONWhen Slavs invaded roman Illyricum they primarily encountered fully romanized population (lets call them Vlachs). North Illyria was decimated by these primitive barbaric people who left close to no genetic legacy in population that now boasts about being Serbs or Croats under blanket term Slavs. Vlachs from the north leave behind cultural demise caused by the barbarians and seek shelter in the southern areas (in what is walled Vlach sities of Adriatic coast, Highlands in what is now Kosovo, Montenegro and Hercegovina). Vlachs in the Dinaric highlands become isolated and turn primitive after many cultural centers in the south become decimated also by the barbarians (ex. destruction of the city of Dioclea) during their raids after which they do not appear to physically colonize the already overcrowded south but assume control over much of the countryside such as rivers. Slavic language becomes linqua franca in the hinterland and primitive highlander Vlachs became gradually Slavized. Slavized Vlachs dominate especially early Serb states (in what was in pre-roman antiquity region controlled by Ardideans) as well as Croat state in Dalmatia (in what was in pre-roman antiquity region controlled by Dalmates). MIDDLE AGESIdentity in middle ages was fully religiously defined and nationalities and etnnicities as we experience them today are a product of modern area 'guided' by ideals derived from French Revolution that introduced modern nationalism on the historical stage. There are certain elements that are reminiscent of the medieval past even within some modern nationalities such as the medieval mindset that religion defined ethnicity (ex. Greeks, Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Bulgarians, Turks). MODERN ERA Modern nationalities are forged in 1800s and are still being forged especially in Balkans. They are based on often myths and events unsubstantiated in historical records in order to mold their desired appearance and 'shield' it from enemies such as actual history (ex. most acute example are 'Pelazgian' Albanians especially since 2WW who are attempting another path not centered on religion defining ethnicity but mainly via Nationalist myths). Western powers greatly influence smaller Balkan nations such as when Hungarians managed to suppress Illyrian name among Serbs and Croats. Several decades later Austrians and Germans ferment the Illyrian name among the Albanians. This is the ethnicity they primarily fermented to start with (who until 20th century were, at best, tribal based in terms of identity apart from obviously being religion based as far as ident. is concerned) to be used as a buffer between Serbs and Greeks. On another subject, I strongly suspect that Russia has influenced pan-slavist views in our areas starting 1700s such as with Montenegrin rulers (starts here) who often were educated by them.
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Post by ushtari on Jan 29, 2011 19:04:41 GMT -5
MODERN ERA Modern nationalities are forged in 1800s and are still being forged especially in Balkans. They are based on often myths and events unsubstantiated in historical records in order to mold their desired appearance and 'shield' it from enemies such as actual history (ex. most acute example are 'Pelazgian' Albanians especially since 2WW who are attempting another path not centered on religion defining ethnicity but mainly via Nationalist myths). Western powers greatly influence smaller Balkan nations such as when Hungarians managed to suppress Illyrian name among Serbs and Croats. Several decades later Austrians and Germans ferment the Illyrian name among the Albanians. This is the ethnicity they primarily fermented to start with (who until 20th century were, at best, tribal based in terms of identity apart from obviously being religion based as far as ident. is concerned) to be used as a buffer between Serbs and Greeks. On another subject, I strongly suspect that Russia has influenced pan-slavist views in our areas starting 1700s such as with Montenegrin rulers who often were educated by them. Albanians being indigenous in Balkan is a commonly known fact. |
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 19:12:10 GMT -5
Albanians being indigenous in Balkan is a commonly known fact.
Incorrect.
If anything Albanians are among the biggest enigmas in Balkans without any records about you prior to Crusaders arriving in Balkans in 1200s and curiously enough some of the leading Albanian houses at the time were Crusader derived. By sheer deductive logic it seems that crusaders gave Albanophones final linguistic shape they presently have while their identity as it is now stems from ~1900 under direct Austrian-German guidance.
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Post by ushtari on Jan 29, 2011 19:19:48 GMT -5
Albanians being indigenous in Balkan is a commonly known fact.Incorrect. If anything Albanians are among the biggest enigmas in Balkans without any records about you prior to Crusaders arriving in Balkans in 1200s and curiously enough some of the leading Albanian houses at the time were Crusader derived. By sheer deductive logic it seems that crusaders gave Albanophones final linguistic shape they presently have while their identity as it is now stems from ~1900 under direct Austrian-German guidance. 1. Lets discuss sources. There is no source who tells that Albanians have invaded balkan like slavic tribes did in the 600's. It is documented how emperor hercaklius invited slavs to the balkans. We have sources about Avars, Huns and Goths invading Balkan. Why is there no source about Albanian invading balkan? how can a people just pass slavs without being noticed? How could we invade the Byzantine Empire without getting noticed? The fact is, that archaeological findings shows that people with shepherd's life have been living in Albania isolated without getting assimilated. So, there was conditions for the ancient people in southern Balkan ie Illyria to survive the slavic and other expansions, where they have avoided assimilation and preserved their language intact. 2. Language studies, be studying the Albanian language, testifies that Albanian have been affected by loanwords from its neighbors. Ie if Albanian would be imported to Balkan, it should then have loanwords or familywords from that geographical area. Why cant any other area then Balkan be connected with Albanian? The Albanian language have cognated(familywords) with ancient words who where spooken in balkan, from proto-romanian among others. My friend, how is it possible for us to have cognates with proto-romanian if we are new immigrants to the balkans? This clearly testifyes that Albanians have been living side by side with proto-romanians, before the slavic expansion. Albanian have direct loanwords from Gothic by direct contact, since Goths invaded montenegro in 300's. This proves that albanian was spoken at that time. Latin influence on Albanian is of Eastern Romance origin, rather den dalmatian origin. This influence includes Latin words and exhibit idiomatic expression and changes relevant only in Eastern romance and not other Romance languages.Also, because many words in Romanian was found with Albanian cognates(See Eastern Romance substrate), its believable that Albanians and Romanians once lived closely. Generally the areas where this may have happened, is considered to be regions vary from Transylvania, what is now Eastern Serbia(region around the Morava valley and Naissus), to Kosovo and northern Albania. So, by studying the Albanian language and proto-romanian it testifyes that Albanians and proto-romanians have been living side by side for a long period of time. Considering Slavs came later, they must have come in between the proto-Albanians and proto-Romanians, because there is slavs who live in the middle. Many proto-romanian words have cognates with Albanian, and proto-romanian is Dacian. So, how can a such ancient language in balkan have familywords with Albanian? wich according to you is from Asia? There is much more, but by studying the albanian language, you understand that Albanian is from Balkan. |
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Post by la3ar on Jan 29, 2011 19:58:51 GMT -5
Albanians being indigenous in Balkan is a commonly known fact. of course it's a fact, and it has been stated by numerous serious scholars who know something about linguistic ... Discussing of the originis of Albanians with people like novi, aadmin, pyrros and others is an insult to all those serious scholars, man !! It was the Albanian scholars who were the first to mention the Albanian-illyrian connection. All other high ranking scholars have denouced the claims. |
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Post by ushtari on Jan 29, 2011 20:02:07 GMT -5
It was the Albanian scholars who were the first to mention the Albanian-illyrian connection. All other high ranking scholars have denouced the claims. False, can you give me ONE serious source about Albanians having their origin outside the Balkans? |
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 29, 2011 20:06:32 GMT -5
(Normans) In Albania (11th - 13th centuries)
After successfully establishing their feudal state, the Normans originating from 11th century Normandy, France, under the duke Robert Guiscard ultimately drove out the Byzantines from southern Italy. Having obtained pope Gregory VII's consent and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign in conquering the Balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the Catholic Church. After allying himself with Croatia and the Catholic cities of Dalmatia, in the year 1081 an army of 30,000 men in 300 ships landed in the southern shores of Albania, capturing Vlora|Valona, Kanina, Jericho (Orikumi), reaching Butrint after numerous pillages. They joined the fleet that had previously conquered Corfu. The Normans attacked Dyrrachium from land and sea, devastating everything along the way. Under these harsh circumstances, the locals accepted emperor Alexius I Comnenus' call to join forces with the Byzantines against the Normans who besieged Dyrrachium. The Albanian forces could not take part in the ensuing battle, because it had started too early, before their arrival. Immediately before the battle the Venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city. Forced to retreat, Alexius ceded the command to a high Albanian official named Comiscortes[3] in the service of Byzantium. The city's garrison resisted until February 1082, when Dyrrachium was betrayed to the Normans by the Venetian and Amalfitan merchants who had settled in the city. The Normans were now free to penetrate in the hinterland; they took Ioannina, some minor cities in Southwestern Macedonia, Thessaly and appeared before the gates of Thessalonica. Dissension among the high ranks coerced the Normans to retreat in Italy; they lost Dyrrachium, Valona and Butrint in 1085 after the death of Robert. A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllavenica (Ballsh), Kanina and Jericho. This time, the Albanians sided with the Normans, dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the Byzantines had imposed upon them. With their help, the Normans secured the Arbanon passes and opened their way to Dibra. The lack of supplies, disease and Byzantine resistance forced Bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines in the city of Deabolis. The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium - one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic - fell again to Byzantine hands.
--------- 3# ^ Paul Stephenson, Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a political study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204, Cambridge University Press, 2000, Page 167. [1] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans#In_Albania_.2811th_-_13th_centuries.29---------- Albanians in the Middle Ages
What is possibly the earliest written reference to the Albanians is that to be found in an old Bulgarian text compiled around the beginning of the eleventh century.[30] It was discovered in a Serbian manuscript dated 1628 and was first published in 1934 by Radoslav Grujic. This fragment of a legend from the time of Tsar Samuel endeavours, in a catechismal 'question and answer' form, to explain the origins of peoples and languages. It divides the world into seventy-two languages and three religious categories: Orthodox, half-believers (i.e. non-Orthodox Christians) and non-believers. The Albanians find their place among the nations of half-believers. If we accept the dating of Grujic, which is based primarily upon the contents of the text as a whole, this would be the earliest written document referring to the Albanians as a people or language group.[31]
It can be seen that there are various languages on earth. Of them, there are five Orthodox languages: Bulgarian, Greek, Syrian, Iberian (Georgian) and Russian. Three of these have Orthodox alphabets: Greek, Bulgarian and Iberian. There are twelve languages of half-believers: Alamanians, Franks, Magyars (Hungarians), Indians, Jacobites, Armenians, Saxons, Lechs (Poles), Arbanasi (Albanians), Croatians, Hizi, Germans. The first undisputed mention of Albanians in the historical record is attested in Byzantine source for the first time in 1079-1080, in a work titled History by Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates, who referred to the Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the duke of Dyrrachium. It is disputed, however, whether the "Albanoi" of the events of 1043 refers to Albanians in an ethnic sense or whether "Albanoi" is a reference to Normans from Sicily under an archaic name (there was also tribe of Italy by the name of "Albanoi").[32] However a later reference to Albanians from the same Attaliates, regarding the participation of Albanians in a rebellion around 1078, is undisputed.[33] At this point, they are already fully Christianized, although Albanian mythology and folklore are part of the Paleo-Balkan pagan mythology,[34] in particular showing Greek influence.[35] 30# ^ R. Elsie: Early Albania, a Reader of Historical Texts, 11th - 17th Centuries, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 3
31# ^ Extract from: Grujic, Radoslav: Legenda iz vremena Cara Samuila o poreklu naroda. in: Glasnik skopskog naucnog drustva, Skopje, 13 (1934), p. 198 200. Translated from the Old Church Slavonic by Robert Elsie. First published in R. Elsie: Early Albania, a Reader of Historical Texts, 11th - 17th Centuries, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 3. Albanian History
32# ^ The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origins G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series Authors Alexandru Madgearu, Martin Gordon Editor Martin Gordon Translated by Alexandru Madgearu Edition illustrated Publisher Scarecrow Press, 2008 ISBN 0810858460, 9780810858466 was supposed that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, called by an archaic name (the Albanoi were an independent tribe from Southern Italy), p. 25
33# ^ The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origins G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series Authors Alexandru Madgearu, Martin Gordon Editor Martin Gordon Translated by Alexandru Madgearu Edition illustrated Publisher Scarecrow Press, 2008 ISBN 0810858460, 9780810858466 It was supposed that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, called by an archaic name (the Albanoi were an independent tribe from Southern Italy). The following instance is indisputable. It comes from the same Attaliates, who wrote that the Albanians (Arbanitai) were involved in the 1078 rebellion of... p. 25
34# ^ Bonnefoy, Yves (1993-05-15). American, African, and Old European mythologies. University of Chicago Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780226064574. books.google.gr/books?id=GYjc5POwJjAC&pg=PA253&dq=Although+Albanian+mythology+has+not+yet+been+the+subject+of+a+monograph&hl=en&ei=QBwVTdPyGYOh8QPZ3rWFBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBA#v=snippet&q=Although%20Albanian%20mythology%20has%20not%20yet%20been%20the%20subject%20of%20a%20monograph%2C%20it%20has%20been%20treated%20in%20many%20essays%20and%20articles%20on%20linguistics%2C%20folklore%2C%20and%20ethnology.%20This%20mythology%20can%20be%20considered%20part%20of%20the%20of%20the%20Balkan%20pagan%20tradition&f=false. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
35# ^ Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, The Encyclopedia of religion, Macmillan, 1987, ISBN 9780029097007, p. 179. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians#Albanians_in_the_Middle_Ages---------- In Byzantium
Soon after the Normans first began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire, and then Armenia against the Pechenegs, Bulgars, and especially Seljuk Turks. The Norman mercenaries first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces of 1038-40. There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service were mostly or at all from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. It is also unknown how many of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen.
One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos.
Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian states further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria. From 1073 to 1074, 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius were Normans — formerly of Oursel — led by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning "Franks." The known trade between Amalfi and Antioch and between Bari and Tarsus may be related to the presence of Italo-Normans in those cities while Amalfi and Bari were under Norman rule in Italy.
Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Albanian clans known as the Maniakates were descended from Normans who served under George Maniaces in the Sicilian expedition of 1038. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans#In_Byzantium |
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Post by ushtari on Jan 29, 2011 20:10:43 GMT -5
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHHAHHAAAHAHHAAHAHAH are you really trying to make a point using WIKIPEDIA?? ;D i thought i was clear when i said "give me one SERIOUS source about Albanians having their origin outside the balkans" Well, lets see what real historians have to say about the issue: "Not long after these barbarian invaders swept through the Balkans, the Slavs appeared. Between the 6th and 8th centuries they settled in Illyrian territories and proceeded to assimilate Illyrian tribes in much of what is now Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. The tribes of southern Illyria, however--including modern Albania--averted assimilation and preserved their native tongue." "In the course of several centuries, under the impact of Roman, Byzantine, and Slavic cultures, the tribes of southern Illyria underwent a transformation, and a transition occurred from the old Illyrian population to a new Albanian one." As a consequence, from the 8th to the 11th century, the name Illyria gradually gave way to the name, first mentioned in the 2nd century AD by the geographer Ptolemy of Alexandria, of the Albanoi tribe, which inhabited what is now central Albania. From a single tribe the name spread to include the rest of the country as Arbri and, finally, Albania. The genesis of Albanian nationality apparently occurred at this time as the Albanian people became aware that they shared a common territory, name, language, and cultural heritage." pbosnia.kentlaw.edu/resources/history/albania/albhist.htmwww.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12472/Albania/129453/History?anchor=ref476150" What it suggests is that the Kosovo region, together with at least part of
northern Albania, was the crucial focus of two distinct but interlinked ethnic histories: the
survival of the Albanians, and the emergence of the Romanians and Vlachs." www.scribd.com/doc/8699791/Noel-Malcolm-Origins-Serbs-Albanians-and-Vlachswww.promacedonia.org/en/nm/kosovo.html |
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