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Post by Babylon Enigma on Jan 9, 2011 13:47:08 GMT -5
I will be posting in this thread genetic studies of Neolithic European populations, the Europe that was before the IE invaders. Prehistoric Basques were closer to modern Near EasternersSummary The Basque population has been considered an outlier in a large number of genetic studies, due to its hypothesized antiquity and greater genetic isolation. The present paper deals with an analysis of the mtDNA variability of the historical population of Aldaieta (VI–VII c. AD; Basque Country) which, together with genetic data existing for other prehistoric populations of the Basque Country (4,500–5,000 YBP), permits an appraisal of the hypotheses proposed for the origin of the genetic differentiation of the Basque population. Given that this is an aDNA study, application has been made both of standard precautions, to avoid contamination, and of authentication criteria (analysis of duplicates, replication in an independent laboratory, quantification of target DNA, sequencing and cloning of PCR products). The variability of the mtDNA haplogroups of the historical population of Aldaieta falls within the range of the present-day populations of Europe’s Atlantic fringe, whereas the prehistoric populations of the Basque Country display clear differentiation in relation to all others. Consequently, we suggest that between 5,000–1,500 YBP approximately, there may have been gene flow amongst the western European populations that homogenised mtDNA lineages. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00170.x/pdfQuotes of interest "The first component, which accounts for 42.6% of the total variance, established a differentiation between the present-day populations of the Near East and those of Europe. Within Europe, the populations of the Mediterranean area (MdE, MdC and MdW) and those of Eastern Europe (NE and SE) are closer to those of the Near East. Regarding the prehistoric populations of the Basque Country, they are situated between the two groups (Europe and Near East), whereas the historical population of Aldaieta falls within the variability range of present-day European populations. " "As we have seen, haplogroup K has a considerable bearing on the distribution of modern and ancient populations in both PC analyses. This haplogroup is at a high frequency in the prehistoric populations of the Basque Country (16% in Pico Ramos and around 23% in Longar and SJAPL) (Table 4), whereas the average value in present-day European populations is 4.8%, ranging between 3.6% and 7.7% (Richards et al. 2000)." "The frequency of haplogroup H in the historical population of Aldaieta (48.6%) is similar to that displayed in the present-day Atlantic fringe populations. However, the prehistoric populations of the Basque Country studied prior to this show a lower frequency of haplogroup H, as in Longar it is 44% and in the other two prehistoric populations (SJAPL and Pico Ramos) its frequency is around 37% (Table 4)." " Haplogroup J has been the main lineage of mtDNA related to the Neolithic expansion from the Near East around 10,000 years ago (Richards et al. 1996, 2000). A lower frequency of J has been displayed in the present-day Basque population (2.4%), whereas in all other regions of Europe its frequency ranges between 7% and 14%. However, in certain prehistoric populations from the Basque Country (SJAPL and Pico Ramos), and in the historical population of Aldaieta, the presence of this haplogroup is greater than in the rest of the European populations studied, displaying values of around 16%, although it is absent in the prehistoric population of Longar (Table 4). Nevertheless, haplogroup J is of no relevance in either of the first two components in the PC analysis performed in this paper (Fig. 4b and 5b)." " Like us, Vernesi et al. (2004) detected a significant difference between the present-day population of Tuscany and the prehistoric one inhabiting the same area (Etruscan), with a gap of 2,500 years between them, finding only two haplotypes in common between both populations. It may be that this phenomenon is more widespread and has occurred in other regions of Western Europe. Data on more prehistoric populations are required in order to confirm this phenomenon. It should also be taken into account that these differences have only been detected in the mtDNA, as currently, the nuclear genome of prehistoric European individuals has not been studied at the population level." "As advised by Vernesi et al. (2004), this leads us to reconsider the supposition whereby the genetic patterns of present-day populations reflect the evolutionary processes experienced by their predecessors (Sokal et al. 1991; Richards et al. 2000, 2002, amongst others). Up until now it was thought that there was no evolutionary process subsequent to the Neolithic that altered the genetic composition of European populations (Barbujani & Bertorelle, 2001). However, our data on ancient DNA (as well as those of Vernesi et al. 2004) reveal a discontinuity between prehistoric and present-day populations, which leads us to reconsider the limitations involved in the reconstruction of evolutionary history on the basis of the genetic patterns of present-day populations."
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Jan 9, 2011 14:05:56 GMT -5
Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern AffinitiesAbstract In Europe, the Neolithic transition (8,000–4,000 B.C.) from hunting and gathering to agricultural communities was one of the most important demographic events since the initial peopling of Europe by anatomically modern humans in the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 B.C.). However, the nature and speed of this transition is a matter of continuing scientific debate in archaeology, anthropology, and human population genetics. To date, inferences about the genetic make up of past populations have mostly been drawn from studies of modern-day Eurasian populations, but increasingly ancient DNA studies offer a direct view of the genetic past. We genetically characterized a population of the earliest farming culture in Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK; 5,500–4,900 calibrated B.C.) and used comprehensive phylogeographic and population genetic analyses to locate its origins within the broader Eurasian region, and to trace potential dispersal routes into Europe. We cloned and sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable segment I and designed two powerful SNP multiplex PCR systems to generate new mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data from 21 individuals from a complete LBK graveyard at Derenburg Meerenstieg II in Germany. These results considerably extend the available genetic dataset for the LBK (n = 42) and permit the first detailed genetic analysis of the earliest Neolithic culture in Central Europe (5,500–4,900 calibrated B.C.). We characterized the Neolithic mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and geographical affinities of the early farmers using a large database of extant Western Eurasian populations (n = 23,394) and a wide range of population genetic analyses including shared haplotype analyses, principal component analyses, multidimensional scaling, geographic mapping of genetic distances, and Bayesian Serial Simcoal analyses. The results reveal that the LBK population shared an affinity with the modern-day Near East and Anatolia, supporting a major genetic input from this area during the advent of farming in Europe. However, the LBK population also showed unique genetic features including a clearly distinct distribution of mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies, confirming that major demographic events continued to take place in Europe after the early Neolithic. Full study: www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536Quotes of interest "The next ten LBK haplotypes were unequally spread among present-day populations and for this reason potentially contain information about geographical affinities. We found nine modern-day population pools in which the percentage of these haplotypes is significantly higher than in other population pools (p>0.01, two-tailed z test; Figure 1; Table S4): (a) North and Central English, (b) Croatians and Slovenians, (c) Czechs and Slovaks, (d) Hungarians and Romanians, (e) Turkish, Kurds, and Armenians, (f) Iraqis, Syrians, Palestinians, and Cypriotes, (g) Caucasus (Ossetians and Georgians), (h) Southern Russians, and (i) Iranians. Three of these pools (b–d) originate near the proposed geographic center of the earliest LBK in Central Europe and presumably represent a genetic legacy from the Neolithic. However, the other matching population pools are from Near East regions (except and [h]), which is consistent with this area representing the origin of the European Neolithic, an idea that is further supported by Iranians sharing the highest number of informative haplotypes with the LBK (7.2%; Table S4). The remaining pool (a) from North and Central England shares an elevated frequency of mtDNA T2 haplotypes with the LBK, but otherwise appears inconsistent with the proposed origin of the Neolithic in the Near East. It has been shown that certain alleles (here hgs) can accumulate in frequency while surfing on the wave of expansion, eventually resulting in higher frequencies relative to the proposed origin [29],[30]. Several of the other population pools also show a low but nonsignificant level of matches, which may relate to pre-Neolithic distributions or subsequent demographic movements (Figure 1)." "The Y chromosome hgs obtained from the three Derenburg early Neolithic individuals are generally concordant with the mtDNA data (Table 1). Interestingly, we do not find the most common Y chromosome hgs in modern Europe (e.g., R1b, R1a, I, and E1b1), which parallels the low frequency of the very common modern European mtDNA hg H (now at 20%–50% across Western Eurasia) in the Neolithic samples. Also, while both Neolithic Y chromosome hgs G2a3 and F* are rather rare in modern-day Europe, they have slightly higher frequencies in populations of the Near East, and the highest frequency of hg G2a is seen in the Caucasus today [15]. The few published ancient Y chromosome results from Central Europe come from late Neolithic sites and were exclusively hg R1a [31]. While speculative, we suggest this supports the idea that R1a may have spread with late Neolithic cultures from the east [31]." "To better understand which particular hgs made the Neolithic populations appear either Near Eastern or (West) European, we compared average hg frequencies of the total LBK (LBK42) and Derenburg (DEB22) datasets to two geographically pooled meta-population sets from Europe and the Near East (Tables 2 and S6; 41 and 14 populations, respectively). PC correlates and component loadings (Figure 2) showed a pattern similar to average hg frequencies (Table 2) in both large meta-population sets, with the LBK dataset grouping with Europeans because of a lack of mitochondrial African hgs (L and M1) and preHV, and elevated frequencies of hg V. In contrast, low frequencies of hg H and higher frequencies for HV, J, and U3 promoted Near Eastern resemblances. Removal of individuals with shared haplotypes within the Derenburg dataset (yielding dataset LBK34) did not noticeably decrease the elevated frequencies of J and especially HV in the Neolithic data. Most importantly, PC correlates of the second component showed that elevated or high frequencies of hgs T, N1a, K, and W were unique to LBK populations, making them appear different from both Europe and Near East. The considerable within-hg diversity of all four of these hgs (especially T and N1a; Table 1) suggests that this observation is unlikely to be an artifact of random genetic drift leading to elevated frequencies in small, isolated populations. The pooled European and Near Eastern meta-populations are necessarily overgeneralizations, and there are likely to be subsets of Near Eastern populations that are more similar to the Neolithic population. Interestingly, both the PCA and the MDS plots identified Georgians, Ossetians, and Armenians as candidate populations (Figures 2 and S1)." " In agreement with the PCA and MDS analyses, populations from the area bounding modern-day Turkey, Armenia, Iraq, and Iran demonstrated a clear genetic similarity with the LBK population (Figure 3A). This relationship was even stronger in a second map generated with just the Neolithic Derenburg individuals (Figure 3B). Interestingly, the map of the combined LBK data also suggested a possible geographic route for the dispersal of Neolithic lineages into Central Europe: genetic distances gradually increase from eastern Anatolia westward across the Balkans, and then northwards into Central Europe. The area with lower genetic distances follows the course of the rivers Danube and Dniester, and this natural corridor has been widely accepted as the most likely inland route towards the Carpathian basin as well as the fertile Loess plains further northwest." "aDNA data offers a powerful new means to test evolutionary models and assumptions. The European lineage with the oldest coalescent age, U5, has indeed been found to prevail in the indigenous hunter–gatherers [12],[35]. However, mtDNA hgs J2a1a and T1, which because of their younger coalescence ages have been suggested to be Neolithic immigrant lineages [8],[12], are so far absent from the samples of early farmers in Central Europe. Similarly, older coalescence ages were used to support hgs K, T2, H, and V as “postglacial/Mesolithic lineages,” and yet these have been revealed to be common only in Neolithic samples. The recent use of whole mitochondrial genomes and the refinement of mutation rate estimates have resulted in a general reduction in coalescence ages [8], which would lead to an improved fit with the aDNA data."
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Jan 9, 2011 14:12:46 GMT -5
News from the west: Ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamberAbstract Recent paleogenetic studies have confirmed that the spread of the Neolithic across Europe was neither genetically nor geographically uniform. To extend existing knowledge of the mitochondrial European Neolithic gene pool, we examined six samples of human skeletal material from a French megalithic long mound (c.4200 cal BC). We retrieved HVR-I sequences from three individuals and demonstrated that in the Neolithic period the mtDNA haplogroup N1a, previously only known in central Europe, was as widely distributed as western France. Alternative scenarios are discussed in seeking to explain this result, including Mesolithic ancestry, Neolithic demic diffusion, and long-distance matrimonial exchanges. In light of the limited Neolithic ancient DNA (aDNA) data currently available, we observe that all three scenarios appear equally consistent with paleogenetic and archaeological data. In consequence, we advocate caution in interpreting aDNA in the context of the Neolithic transition in Europe. Nevertheless, our results strengthen conclusions demonstrating genetic discontinuity between modern and ancient Europeans whether through migration, demographic or selection processes, or social practices. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21376/abstract
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Jan 9, 2011 14:18:28 GMT -5
High frequency of lactose intolerance in a prehistoric hunter-gatherer population in northern EuropeAbstract Background: Genes and culture are believed to interact, but it has been difficult to find direct evidence for the process. One candidate example that has been put forward is lactase persistence in adulthood, i.e. the ability to continue digesting the milk sugar lactose after childhood, facilitating the consumption of raw milk. This genetic trait is believed to have evolved within a short time period and to be related with the emergence of sedentary agriculture. Results: Here we investigate the frequency of an allele (-13910*T) associated with lactase persistence in a Neolithic Scandinavian population. From the 14 individuals originally examined, 10 yielded reliable results. We find that the T allele frequency was very low (5%) in this Middle Neolithic hunter-gatherer population, and that the frequency is dramatically different from the extant Swedish population (74%). Conclusions: We conclude that this difference in frequency could not have arisen by genetic drift and is either due to selection or, more likely, replacement of hunter-gatherer populations by sedentary agriculturalists. www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-10-89.pdf
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Jan 9, 2011 14:30:05 GMT -5
Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary ScandinaviansSummary The driving force behind the transition from a foraging to a farming lifestyle in prehistoric Europe (Neolithization) has been debated for more than a century [1,2,3]. Of particular interest is whether population replacement or cultural exchange was responsible [3,4,5]. Scandinavia holds a unique place in this debate, for it maintained one of the last major hunter-gatherer complexes in Neolithic Europe, the Pitted Ware culture [6]. Intriguingly, these late hunter-gatherers existed in parallel to early farmers for more than a millennium before they vanished some 4,000 years ago [7,8]. The prolonged coexistence of the two cultures in Scandinavia has been cited as an argument against population replacement between the Mesolithic and the present [7,8]. Through analysis of DNA extracted from ancient Scandinavian human remains, we show that people of the Pitted Ware culture were not the direct ancestors of modern Scandinavians (including the Saami people of northern Scandinavia) but are more closely related to contemporary populations of the eastern Baltic region. Our findings support hypotheses arising from archaeological analyses that propose a Neolithic or post-Neolithic population replacement in Scandinavia [7]. Furthermore, our data are consistent with the view that the eastern Baltic represents a genetic refugia for some of the European hunter-gatherer populations. www.cell.com/current-biology/retrieve/pii/S0960982209016947
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Jan 9, 2011 14:40:41 GMT -5
Ötzi the Icemanen.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman#Genetic_analysisQuote "A group of scientists have typed Ötzi's full genome and promised to reveal it in 2011.[23] Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.[24] Multiplex essay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets." K is most common in the Near East, many K1 subclades are found among Jewish people and Middle Easterners. It also appears in Europeans, but it is clearly a Near Eastern haplogroup.
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Jun 24, 2011 21:00:03 GMT -5
Forgot to update this massive build up of evidence. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean routeAbstract The Neolithic is a key period in the history of the European settlement. Although archaeological and present-day genetic data suggest several hypotheses regarding the human migration patterns at this period, validation of these hypotheses with the use of ancient genetic data has been limited. In this context, we studied DNA extracted from 53 individuals buried in a necropolis used by a French local community 5,000 y ago. The relatively good DNA preservation of the samples allowed us to obtain autosomal, Y-chromosomal, and/or mtDNA data for 29 of the 53 samples studied. From these datasets, we established close parental relationships within the necropolis and determined maternal and paternal lineages as well as the absence of an allele associated with lactase persistence, probably carried by Neolithic cultures of central Europe. Our study provides an integrative view of the genetic past in southern France at the end of the Neolithic period. Furthermore, the Y-haplotype lineages characterized and the study of their current repartition in European populations confirm a greater influence of the Mediterranean than the Central European route in the peopling of southern Europe during the Neolithic transition. www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2011/0....201100723SI.pdfY-DNA Haplogroups (n=22): G2a: 20/22 or 90.91% I2a: 2/22 or 9.09% mt-DNA Haplogroups (n=29) Total H: 6/29 or 20.69% H1: 3/29 or 10.34% H3: 3/29 or 10.34% Total HV0: 2/29 or 6.90% Total V: 1/29 or 3.45% Total U: 6/29 or 20.69% U*: 1/29 or 3.45% U5: 4/29 or 13.79% U5b1c: 1/29 or 3.45% Total X2: 4/29 or 13.79% Total T2b: 2/29 or 6.90% Total K1a: 2/29 or 6.90% Total J1: 6/29 or 20.69%
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Post by theyshoothorses on Aug 25, 2011 21:28:28 GMT -5
I am basing my opinion on the following book by Cavalli-Sforza and others, assuming I am reading it correctly. www.amazon.com/History-Geography-Human-Genes-paperback/dp/0691029059As I understand it, on the big scale of things, there are really only two major contributions to the European genetic pool. The first is the spread of Neolithic farmers from the Near East / Anatolian plateau, which is responsible for setting up the major genetic gradient observed from North to South. The second is the arrival of the various Indo-European groups and superimposing upon the earlier local populations. I would also add that the Neolithic Near East and its population base back then cannot be thought of in terms of the same genetic make-up as the Near East that we see today. Same with Anatolian plateau. Some scanned pages from the book above:
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Post by missanthropology58 on Aug 27, 2011 18:52:12 GMT -5
Mutations around the Near East/Caucasus started 30-40,000 years ago. Asia Minor Anatolia etc all due to Neolithic
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Kralj Vatra
Amicus
Warning: Sometimes uses foul language & insults!!!
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Post by Kralj Vatra on Aug 28, 2011 6:53:31 GMT -5
people are wasting braincells to deal with minor matters. if someone could study the "genealogy" of cultures, define "distance" or "proximity" between languages or civilizations that would be awesome... but this genetic fanfare nahhh
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Post by missanthropology58 on Aug 28, 2011 10:50:59 GMT -5
What does it have to do with Serbians?
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Post by theyshoothorses on Aug 29, 2011 14:14:57 GMT -5
people are wasting braincells to deal with minor matters. if someone could study the "genealogy" of cultures, define "distance" or "proximity" between languages or civilizations that would be awesome... but this genetic fanfare nahhh Of all, you should know better Pyrros. Genes are like numbers, they can be misinterpreted or misunderstood, but they do not lie. We, bio-scientists, simply use genes as our data set.
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Kralj Vatra
Amicus
Warning: Sometimes uses foul language & insults!!!
20%
Posts: 9,814
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Post by Kralj Vatra on Aug 29, 2011 23:03:04 GMT -5
cultures, languages, mentalities and habits lie a lot less than that.
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Nov 6, 2011 10:59:30 GMT -5
I am basing my opinion on the following book by Cavalli-Sforza and others, assuming I am reading it correctly. www.amazon.com/History-Geography-Human-Genes-paperback/dp/0691029059As I understand it, on the big scale of things, there are really only two major contributions to the European genetic pool. The first is the spread of Neolithic farmers from the Near East / Anatolian plateau, which is responsible for setting up the major genetic gradient observed from North to South. The second is the arrival of the various Indo-European groups and superimposing upon the earlier local populations. I would also add that the Neolithic Near East and its population base back then cannot be thought of in terms of the same genetic make-up as the Near East that we see today. Same with Anatolian plateau. Some scanned pages from the book above: Sorry to mainstream for me. Mainstream history is very corrupt and attached to politics. If you like to know my views, simply look at the threads I've made in this sub-forum. Mainstream(jewish) cultural-marxist(jewish) view of history is that nothing is based on truth, everything is based on social construct. I find this absurd. How can something, culture, people, language be based on nothing? Anyway my historical view keeps being validated through the ultimate proof, genetics.
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Nov 6, 2011 11:07:51 GMT -5
people are wasting braincells to deal with minor matters. if someone could study the "genealogy" of cultures, define "distance" or "proximity" between languages or civilizations that would be awesome... but this genetic fanfare nahhh Blood is everything. Serbs are Serbs because they genetically distinct. Germanics are distinct, Slavs are distinct. If someone claims you are the father of person A, than DNA test can easily prove or disprove it. This applies to your Greek slavs are Serbs, and Albs are Chechens. Only weak individuals would run away from the truth. Cultures, language and mentality are a PRODUCT of the people, not the other way around. If you take Africans and dump them all in Sweden, and take the Swedes and put them in Africa, in short amount of time Africa will become vibrant, productive and beautiful, and Sweden will turn to $hithole.
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Post by Babylon Enigma on Nov 6, 2011 11:20:43 GMT -5
UPDATE 1Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic disseminationAbstract The impact of the Neolithic dispersal on the western European populations is subject to continuing debate. To trace and date genetic lineages potentially brought during this transition and so understand the origin of the gene pool of current populations, we studied DNA extracted from human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from the beginning of the fifth millennium B.C. Thanks to a “multimarkers” approach based on the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (autosomes and Y-chromosome), we obtained information on the early Neolithic funeral practices and on the biogeographical origin of the inhumed individuals. No close kinship was detected. Maternal haplogroups found are consistent with pre-Neolithic settlement, whereas the Y-chromosomal analyses permitted confirmation of the existence in Spain approximately 7,000 y ago of two haplogroups previously associated with the Neolithic transition: G2a and E1b1b1a1b. These results are highly consistent with those previously found in Neolithic individuals from French Late Neolithic individuals, indicating a surprising temporal genetic homogeneity in these groups. The high frequency of G2a in Neolithic samples in western Europe could suggest, furthermore, that the role of men during Neolithic dispersal could be greater than currently estimated. www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/10/24/1113061108.abstract- Y-DNA : five G2a men and one E-V13. All confirmed by SNP test except one G2a. - mtDNA : three K1a, two T2b, one H3 and one U5. =========== UPDATE 2Otzi the Iceman was G2a4 carrier
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