Post by Hellenas on Dec 21, 2011 20:15:24 GMT -5
Link: Aris Poulianos
The Greek racial types.
The ethnogenesis of the Slavs is a complex and complicated problem. Most researchers believe that the cradle of the Slavs is the area covering eastern and southern Poland and western Soviet Union. The Slavophone population of Hellas is bilingual, and the Slavic dialect they speak has been strongly influenced by the Greek language. The Slavophones of Greek Macedonia residing in villages bordering always Hellenophones and Romanophones. From a purely anthropological perspective, as we have already noted, the basic anthropometric and bodily-metric characteristics put the Slavophones at an intermediate position among the Greeks of Epirus and Greeks of Macedonia. The cephalic index of Epirotes eg is 88, of the Greeks of all Macedonia 83 and of Slavophones 85. This shows that the anteroposterior diameter (length) of the head increases as we move from west of the country to the east, while, conversely, the width of the head decreases. The width of the zygomatics/cheekbones are: Epirotes 143,3 mm. Slavophones 141,6 mm. Other Hellenophones in Macedonia 142,2 mm. The same geographic causality present and a number of other features, placing the Slavophones between the people of Epirus and the Hellenophone population of Macedonia. Thus, the height and width of the nose, the growth of final hair and other features indicate that Slavophones do not stand out at all, anthropologically, from Hellenophones of Macedonia. Some other features, again, bring them closer to the Epirotic type. Such features, except from the horizontal diameters of the head mentioned above, is the percentage of curved shape of the nose, the shape of the hair and general coloring. Thus the percentage of mixed shades of iris, presents the following picture: Epirotes 33%, Slavophones 34%, other Hellenophones in Macedonia 40% (including the triangle Voio-Grevena where light colors prevail). The percentage of curved shape of the nose are: Epirus 58% Slavophones 56%, other Hellenophones in Macedonia 46%. The morphological similarity of Epirotes and Slavophones, implying a genetic relationship, it becomes more evident as we approach closer to Epiros. Instead as we move away from the borders of Epiros moving eastward the morphological similarity of the Slavophones diminishes and increases the morphological similarity with the other Hellenophones of Macedonia. Moving further east we find that the anthropological type of the Slavophones of central Macedonia is related primarily to the Thracian variety of the Aegean type which is also found in central Macedonia. In previous chapter of this work, we have distinguish the Macedonian variety from the other varieties of Greece, although underlined its mixed origins from Illyrian, Pelasgian and Thracian elements. These elements that form the Macedonian variety appear more distinctly when we move away from the center of Macedonia, going either to Epiros or in Thrace, or Thessaly to the south. As for eye color, the Slavophones are classified in the same grade with the Thessalians. (In both groups the average is 1.54). As for the color of their hair is still darker than that of Thessalians. The average of this feature are: Thessalians 3.66. Slavophones 3.73. Besides from the anthropological types and varieties that exist in the Mediterranean or Balkanocaucasian race (with the broad sense of the word), that is, except of the Aegean and the Epirotic type and the Thracian variety, among Slavophones population observed combinations of anthropological features that are typical of northern types. However, when comparing the data of the Slavophones with the data we had get from two groups of Russians that counted 100 persons (one of men and one of women) in Tashkent we observed substantial differences between them, especially in color. The Russians proved to be much more pale. As already noted, the lighter than all male groups in Greece is the group of Greeks in western Macedonia and Sfakia in Crete. Then follows the Vlachophone group and third comes the group of Slavophones. The women's groups both of three elements (Hellenophone, Slavophone, Vlachophone) placed in the same ranks in terms of coloring. One of the most serious effort was the anthropological study of western Macedonia, which made the 1922-23 Hasluck and Morant (M. Hasluck and G. Morant, 1929). They examined only men (Christians and Muslims) Greeks, Slavophones, Turkophones and Vlahophones (Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks and Vlachs in the words of the authors). The study was conducted in the same villages where they originate from virtually most people, and we studied. Exception are 100 "Christian-Bulgarians" studied by Hasluck and Morant in Athens, when they served their military service. Also, in our study, in 1958, we found no Muslim population, because a portion of the Muslims exchanged with Christians and another part of Greek Muslims came back to the old christian religion. The anthropometrics and observations of this study coincide with the basic measurements made by the two British scientists. The comparison of measurements gives the right to conclude (as in the example of the Turkophone group, where the authors present them as immigrants from Asia Minor after 1400 AD) that is obviously a local population of the eastern Epiros bordering the western Macedonia. This shows the great similarity of the measurements with the group of Epiros. It is impossible someone to come in an other conclusion, for the reason that it is not possible the entire population of Epiros to be turkish and second because it is impossible not to remember today if their ancestors were Turks, when haven't passed even 40 years since the measurements were made. So it's a turkified local population, and it is also possible that emigrated to Turkey with the exchange. Significant difference between the references of this work and points of British scientists have only two anthropometric characteristics: height and width of the face. This difference can be explained probably by the fact that it used a different method of measurement. Eg the English did the measurements of height with shoes, but we without shoes. Another reason is that the stature and to some extent the width of a person belongs to the plastic features (which will referred in the next chapter), something that may have played its role. In somatoscopic features displayed even greater differences, because, as the authors themselves admit, the color determined "by eye" without using scales and models. These deficiencies reduced by one degree, but did not annihilated the research value of the British scientists, in particular as regards the anthropometric characteristics. Most successful effort, both in terms of methodology and in terms of the number of persons examined, is the work of the Bulgarian academic Methodius Popov, who examined 415 men and 123 women of "Vardar Macedonia" as it's called. When we compared the data of Popov with the data of our investigation we did not find major differences. The basic, moreover, is that he ends at the same with us conclusion: "...in the morphological type of the Macedonians(Fyromians) there is strong increase of the Mediterranean and Dinaric characteristics, approaching mainly the population of southern Bulgaria (Mediterranean type) and western regions of the country (Dinaric type)." (M. Popov, 1959). The Serbs who live further north than the Slavophones have, according to Coon (C. Coon 1939) cephalic index 85, which approximates them to the group we examine. Also in many other dimensions the differences between Serbs and Slavophones are not serious. Coon classify the Serbs as Dinarics in form and did not connect their coloration to the Slavs. These data above characterize the average overall type of the Slavophones of Greek Macedonia. This type stands out sharply from other anthropological types that distinguished to other Slav peoples the Soviet scientists G.F. Debets, T. A. Trofimova and N.N. Cheboksarof, as already mentioned. Thus, the material gathered confirms the conclusions of the Soviet Anthropologists mentioned in the introduction. The geographical diversification of the anthropological traits in modern southern Slavophones is almost complete in correlation with the paleoanthropological material. This fact raises the question: What was the cause and the Slavic languages disseminated so widely during the Middle Ages and even in such an extensive geographic area that was already occupied by other people? It is known that the Slavic breeds passed the Danube towards the Balkans during the 6th and 7th century. But these movements, as shown by the anthropological material was not large enough to change the physical form of the peoples living in these countries. For this to the orthodox thinking expressed by A.V. Artchihovskii that "... Slavic ethnogenesis mean approach of the peoples who at first had a different culture" (Artchihovskii, A., 1946), can be added: "and belonged to different physical types." The academic Derzavin N. (1940), expressed the theory that the Southern Slavs originated basically from indigenous tribes of Illyrothracians. But A.D. Oudaltsev (1947), however, observes that the crossing of indigenous breeds with Slavs who migrated there, played its role. Nobody deny the fact that there were movements of Slavs in the Balkans. Of course it is difficult to determine the number of immigrants. Obviously, those immigrants belonged to the same circle of anthropological types where the modern population belongs, ie the southern types. The anthropological material quoted does not exclude the idea that in the Balkans migrated light colored types, although their role is minor compared with the local types. Greater is the difficulty that emerges when someone tries to determine the arrival time of this element, because this problem has not been conclusively resolved by Paleoanthropology. Also it has not been studied well the ethnographic side of this issue. The Slavophones are in their vast majority farmers, unlike their Vlachophone and Hellenophone neighbors who mainly engaged with farming. "Agriculture was the basis of culture of the Slavic tribes in the early and mid- 1st A.D. millennium. It is obvious that warfare played a much smaller role in their lives than played in the life of pastoral tribes" (Istoria Tchehoslovakii, 1956). Perhaps here we should look for social causes that contributed to the spread and stabilization of the Slavic language in Southeastern Europe. And really. The Slavic language influenced the language of farmers in central Macedonia, of Hellenophones and Romanofones (Karpe, Koupa, Scra), but had no effect to the language of Romanophones of Western Macedonia or in the language of the Greeks of the rest Macedonia (Sarakatsanes etc. ) who live a pastoral and nomadic life. There are many common attributes in the material culture of various groups that make up the population of Macedonia. Some national dances, eg such as of Greeks and Slavophones, resemble the Thracian dances. So the folk dance "Heleno mome" differs little from the "Evritiko" of Western Thrace. It seems that both dances originate from ancient Thracian, with only difference that the they dance the "Evritiko" in modern Thrace with Greek songs, while the "Heleno mome" in western Macedonia is danced with slavic songs. We can cite many such examples. The anthropological data to solve the problem "ethnogenesis of the Southern Slavs" should be supplemented with data from archaeological, ethnographic and linguistic researches across Macedonia.
"The origin of the Greeks", pages 144-150, year 2001.
The Greek racial types.
Slavophone.
The ethnogenesis of the Slavs is a complex and complicated problem. Most researchers believe that the cradle of the Slavs is the area covering eastern and southern Poland and western Soviet Union. The Slavophone population of Hellas is bilingual, and the Slavic dialect they speak has been strongly influenced by the Greek language. The Slavophones of Greek Macedonia residing in villages bordering always Hellenophones and Romanophones. From a purely anthropological perspective, as we have already noted, the basic anthropometric and bodily-metric characteristics put the Slavophones at an intermediate position among the Greeks of Epirus and Greeks of Macedonia. The cephalic index of Epirotes eg is 88, of the Greeks of all Macedonia 83 and of Slavophones 85. This shows that the anteroposterior diameter (length) of the head increases as we move from west of the country to the east, while, conversely, the width of the head decreases. The width of the zygomatics/cheekbones are: Epirotes 143,3 mm. Slavophones 141,6 mm. Other Hellenophones in Macedonia 142,2 mm. The same geographic causality present and a number of other features, placing the Slavophones between the people of Epirus and the Hellenophone population of Macedonia. Thus, the height and width of the nose, the growth of final hair and other features indicate that Slavophones do not stand out at all, anthropologically, from Hellenophones of Macedonia. Some other features, again, bring them closer to the Epirotic type. Such features, except from the horizontal diameters of the head mentioned above, is the percentage of curved shape of the nose, the shape of the hair and general coloring. Thus the percentage of mixed shades of iris, presents the following picture: Epirotes 33%, Slavophones 34%, other Hellenophones in Macedonia 40% (including the triangle Voio-Grevena where light colors prevail). The percentage of curved shape of the nose are: Epirus 58% Slavophones 56%, other Hellenophones in Macedonia 46%. The morphological similarity of Epirotes and Slavophones, implying a genetic relationship, it becomes more evident as we approach closer to Epiros. Instead as we move away from the borders of Epiros moving eastward the morphological similarity of the Slavophones diminishes and increases the morphological similarity with the other Hellenophones of Macedonia. Moving further east we find that the anthropological type of the Slavophones of central Macedonia is related primarily to the Thracian variety of the Aegean type which is also found in central Macedonia. In previous chapter of this work, we have distinguish the Macedonian variety from the other varieties of Greece, although underlined its mixed origins from Illyrian, Pelasgian and Thracian elements. These elements that form the Macedonian variety appear more distinctly when we move away from the center of Macedonia, going either to Epiros or in Thrace, or Thessaly to the south. As for eye color, the Slavophones are classified in the same grade with the Thessalians. (In both groups the average is 1.54). As for the color of their hair is still darker than that of Thessalians. The average of this feature are: Thessalians 3.66. Slavophones 3.73. Besides from the anthropological types and varieties that exist in the Mediterranean or Balkanocaucasian race (with the broad sense of the word), that is, except of the Aegean and the Epirotic type and the Thracian variety, among Slavophones population observed combinations of anthropological features that are typical of northern types. However, when comparing the data of the Slavophones with the data we had get from two groups of Russians that counted 100 persons (one of men and one of women) in Tashkent we observed substantial differences between them, especially in color. The Russians proved to be much more pale. As already noted, the lighter than all male groups in Greece is the group of Greeks in western Macedonia and Sfakia in Crete. Then follows the Vlachophone group and third comes the group of Slavophones. The women's groups both of three elements (Hellenophone, Slavophone, Vlachophone) placed in the same ranks in terms of coloring. One of the most serious effort was the anthropological study of western Macedonia, which made the 1922-23 Hasluck and Morant (M. Hasluck and G. Morant, 1929). They examined only men (Christians and Muslims) Greeks, Slavophones, Turkophones and Vlahophones (Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks and Vlachs in the words of the authors). The study was conducted in the same villages where they originate from virtually most people, and we studied. Exception are 100 "Christian-Bulgarians" studied by Hasluck and Morant in Athens, when they served their military service. Also, in our study, in 1958, we found no Muslim population, because a portion of the Muslims exchanged with Christians and another part of Greek Muslims came back to the old christian religion. The anthropometrics and observations of this study coincide with the basic measurements made by the two British scientists. The comparison of measurements gives the right to conclude (as in the example of the Turkophone group, where the authors present them as immigrants from Asia Minor after 1400 AD) that is obviously a local population of the eastern Epiros bordering the western Macedonia. This shows the great similarity of the measurements with the group of Epiros. It is impossible someone to come in an other conclusion, for the reason that it is not possible the entire population of Epiros to be turkish and second because it is impossible not to remember today if their ancestors were Turks, when haven't passed even 40 years since the measurements were made. So it's a turkified local population, and it is also possible that emigrated to Turkey with the exchange. Significant difference between the references of this work and points of British scientists have only two anthropometric characteristics: height and width of the face. This difference can be explained probably by the fact that it used a different method of measurement. Eg the English did the measurements of height with shoes, but we without shoes. Another reason is that the stature and to some extent the width of a person belongs to the plastic features (which will referred in the next chapter), something that may have played its role. In somatoscopic features displayed even greater differences, because, as the authors themselves admit, the color determined "by eye" without using scales and models. These deficiencies reduced by one degree, but did not annihilated the research value of the British scientists, in particular as regards the anthropometric characteristics. Most successful effort, both in terms of methodology and in terms of the number of persons examined, is the work of the Bulgarian academic Methodius Popov, who examined 415 men and 123 women of "Vardar Macedonia" as it's called. When we compared the data of Popov with the data of our investigation we did not find major differences. The basic, moreover, is that he ends at the same with us conclusion: "...in the morphological type of the Macedonians(Fyromians) there is strong increase of the Mediterranean and Dinaric characteristics, approaching mainly the population of southern Bulgaria (Mediterranean type) and western regions of the country (Dinaric type)." (M. Popov, 1959). The Serbs who live further north than the Slavophones have, according to Coon (C. Coon 1939) cephalic index 85, which approximates them to the group we examine. Also in many other dimensions the differences between Serbs and Slavophones are not serious. Coon classify the Serbs as Dinarics in form and did not connect their coloration to the Slavs. These data above characterize the average overall type of the Slavophones of Greek Macedonia. This type stands out sharply from other anthropological types that distinguished to other Slav peoples the Soviet scientists G.F. Debets, T. A. Trofimova and N.N. Cheboksarof, as already mentioned. Thus, the material gathered confirms the conclusions of the Soviet Anthropologists mentioned in the introduction. The geographical diversification of the anthropological traits in modern southern Slavophones is almost complete in correlation with the paleoanthropological material. This fact raises the question: What was the cause and the Slavic languages disseminated so widely during the Middle Ages and even in such an extensive geographic area that was already occupied by other people? It is known that the Slavic breeds passed the Danube towards the Balkans during the 6th and 7th century. But these movements, as shown by the anthropological material was not large enough to change the physical form of the peoples living in these countries. For this to the orthodox thinking expressed by A.V. Artchihovskii that "... Slavic ethnogenesis mean approach of the peoples who at first had a different culture" (Artchihovskii, A., 1946), can be added: "and belonged to different physical types." The academic Derzavin N. (1940), expressed the theory that the Southern Slavs originated basically from indigenous tribes of Illyrothracians. But A.D. Oudaltsev (1947), however, observes that the crossing of indigenous breeds with Slavs who migrated there, played its role. Nobody deny the fact that there were movements of Slavs in the Balkans. Of course it is difficult to determine the number of immigrants. Obviously, those immigrants belonged to the same circle of anthropological types where the modern population belongs, ie the southern types. The anthropological material quoted does not exclude the idea that in the Balkans migrated light colored types, although their role is minor compared with the local types. Greater is the difficulty that emerges when someone tries to determine the arrival time of this element, because this problem has not been conclusively resolved by Paleoanthropology. Also it has not been studied well the ethnographic side of this issue. The Slavophones are in their vast majority farmers, unlike their Vlachophone and Hellenophone neighbors who mainly engaged with farming. "Agriculture was the basis of culture of the Slavic tribes in the early and mid- 1st A.D. millennium. It is obvious that warfare played a much smaller role in their lives than played in the life of pastoral tribes" (Istoria Tchehoslovakii, 1956). Perhaps here we should look for social causes that contributed to the spread and stabilization of the Slavic language in Southeastern Europe. And really. The Slavic language influenced the language of farmers in central Macedonia, of Hellenophones and Romanofones (Karpe, Koupa, Scra), but had no effect to the language of Romanophones of Western Macedonia or in the language of the Greeks of the rest Macedonia (Sarakatsanes etc. ) who live a pastoral and nomadic life. There are many common attributes in the material culture of various groups that make up the population of Macedonia. Some national dances, eg such as of Greeks and Slavophones, resemble the Thracian dances. So the folk dance "Heleno mome" differs little from the "Evritiko" of Western Thrace. It seems that both dances originate from ancient Thracian, with only difference that the they dance the "Evritiko" in modern Thrace with Greek songs, while the "Heleno mome" in western Macedonia is danced with slavic songs. We can cite many such examples. The anthropological data to solve the problem "ethnogenesis of the Southern Slavs" should be supplemented with data from archaeological, ethnographic and linguistic researches across Macedonia.
"The origin of the Greeks", pages 144-150, year 2001.