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Post by thracian08 on Feb 2, 2010 18:14:13 GMT -5
"Actually, the Rennaisance began in the 16th century and it began by Italians translating old Roman and Greek texts. "
But the Italians got it from the Arabs of Spain, not Europeans. The Arabs of Spain were very advanced, they translated numerous texts on literature andscience. Only when the Italians began translating books, then they began to advance themselves.
You see, Islam encourages studying science - it's a foundation of our faith - to seek knowledge.
A number of important institutions previously unknown in the ancient world have their origins in the medieval Islamic world, with the most notable examples being: the public hospital (which replaced healing temples and sleep temples), and psychiatric hospital, the public library and lending library, the academic degree-granting university, the astronomical observatory as a research institute (as opposed to a private observation post as was the case in ancient times), and the trust (Waqf).
Contributing to the growth of European science was the major search by European scholars for new learning which they could only find among Muslims, especially in Islamic Spain and Sicily. These scholars translated new scientific and philosophical texts from Arabic into Latin.
One of the most productive translators in Spain was Gerard of Cremona, who translated 87 books from Arabic to Latin, including Muhammad ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî's On Algebra and Almucabala, Jabir ibn Aflah's Elementa astronomica, al-Kindi's On Optics, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathîr al-Farghânî's On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions, al-Farabi's On the Classification of the Sciences, the chemical and medical works of Razi, the works of Thabit ibn Qurra and Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and the works of Arzachel, Jabir ibn Aflah, the Banû Mûsâ, Abû Kâmil Shujâ ibn Aslam, Abu al-Qasim, and Ibn al-Haytham (including the Book of Optics).
Other Arabic works translated into Latin during the 12th century include the works of Muhammad ibn Jâbir al-Harrânî al-Battânî and Muhammad ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî (including The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing), the works of Abu al-Qasim (including the al-Tasrif),Muhammad al-Fazari's Great Sindhind led on the Surya Siddhanta and the works of Brahmagupta), the works of Razi and Avicenna (including The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine), the works of Averroes, the works of Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Farabi, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathîr al-Farghânî, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and his nephew Hubaysh ibn al-Hasan, the works of al-Kindi, Abraham bar Hiyya's Liber embadorum, Ibn Sarabi's (Serapion Junior) De Simplicibus, the works of Qusta ibn Luqa, the works of Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti, Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, and al-Ghazali,[54] the works of Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi, including On the Motions of the Heavens, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi's medical encyclopedia, The Complete Book of the Medical Art, Abu Mashar's Introduction to Astrology, the works of Maimonides, Ibn Zezla (Byngezla), Masawaiyh, Serapion, al-Qifti, and Albe'thar.Abû Kâmil Shujâ ibn Aslam's Algebra, the chemical works of Geber, and the De Proprietatibus Elementorum, an Arabic work on geology written by a pseudo-Aristotle. By the beginning of the 13th century, Mark of Toledo translated the Qur'an and various medical works.
Fibonacci presented the first complete European account of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system from Arabic sources in his Liber Abaci.
Etc, etc..
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Post by srbobran on Feb 2, 2010 22:29:52 GMT -5
Toskaliku, I don't think you're entirely correct. If the Balkans were so shitty then why was Djuradj Brankovic proclaimed the richest monarch in Europe or why was Belgrade one of the largest cities in Europe in the high middle ages? I just don't think its true considering in the middle ages, apart from Italy, Western Europe was extremely backwards .
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Post by todhrimencuri on Feb 2, 2010 23:02:16 GMT -5
Can you give me some articles for that? Some sources?
I do not think Spain and France were entirely poor in that time. The King of Aragon was pretty powerful in the Med, controlling Sicily, parts of Spain. He was very likely more powerful than Brankovic.
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Post by todhrimencuri on Feb 2, 2010 23:11:29 GMT -5
Btw, during the high middle ages, any given northern Italiy probably had a higher population than any Balkan city, outside of Constantinople (and at that point it was only barely able to maintain this). Venice was among the most populated cities in Western Europe then with a population around 120,000. In 1430 Paris had a population of 100,000.
I doubt Belgrade had a population that could rival either of those. In fact, its population probably could not rival even that of Vienna.
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bato2
Moderator 
Art Changed The World
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Post by bato2 on Feb 9, 2010 8:54:20 GMT -5
For centuries Balkans were to Ottomans what any colony was to its colonial power; Comparisons Belgium >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Congo Ottomans>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Balkans Spain>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Incas England>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Ireland England>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Boers (S Africa) England>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Nigeria Germany>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Namibia (NW Africa) Portugal>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Mozambique France>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Algeria France>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Senegal Persia>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt Carthaginians>>>>>>>>>>>>Spain Greeks>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt Romans>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt Russia>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Siberia China>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Tibet Japan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Korea Arabs>>>>>>>>>>>>>>N Africa Romans>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Gaul (France) Germany>>>>>>>>>>>>>Czech Austria>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Slovenia Hungary>>>>>>>>>>>>>northern Croatia Spain>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Basques France>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Corsica Some were more cruel and were less but colonial power is colonial power after all and the conquered people are not expected to praise their presence especially if it was not exactly beneficial (Byzantines and pre-Ottoman Balkans was among the most refined and richest parts of Europe by far and afterward one of the most backwards and poorest areas by far so Ottoman presence was anything but progressive.. on contrary). Greeks>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt  .... |
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Feb 9, 2010 12:24:17 GMT -5
Ever heart of Ptolemaic dynasty and city of Alexandria.
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Post by Sh1 Shonić on Feb 11, 2010 2:11:34 GMT -5
For centuries Balkans were to Ottomans what any colony was to its colonial power; Comparisons Belgium >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Congo Ottomans>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Balkans Spain>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Incas England>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Ireland England>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Boers (S Africa) England>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Nigeria Germany>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Namibia (NW Africa) Portugal>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Mozambique France>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Algeria France>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Senegal Persia>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt Carthaginians>>>>>>>>>>>>Spain Greeks>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt Romans>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt Russia>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Siberia China>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Tibet Japan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Korea Arabs>>>>>>>>>>>>>>N Africa Romans>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Gaul (France) Germany>>>>>>>>>>>>>Czech Austria>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Slovenia Hungary>>>>>>>>>>>>>northern Croatia Spain>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Basques France>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Corsica Some were more cruel and were less but colonial power is colonial power after all and the conquered people are not expected to praise their presence especially if it was not exactly beneficial (Byzantines and pre-Ottoman Balkans was among the most refined and richest parts of Europe by far and afterward one of the most backwards and poorest areas by far so Ottoman presence was anything but progressive.. on contrary). Greeks>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt .... School>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Did you go? |
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bato2
Moderator
Art Changed The World
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Post by bato2 on Feb 11, 2010 11:00:57 GMT -5
Greeks>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Egypt .... School>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Did you go? Dumbass was ever Egypt colony of Greece? Go and play with you playstation kiddo... |
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Post by Sh1 Shonić on Feb 11, 2010 12:27:53 GMT -5
School>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Did you go? Dumbass was ever Egypt colony of Greece? Go and play with you playstation kiddo... Alexander the great???  I have an x box 360 and I am almost 34 years old.  |
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bato2
Moderator
Art Changed The World
Posts: 1,352
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Post by bato2 on Feb 12, 2010 4:59:27 GMT -5
Dumbass was ever Egypt colony of Greece? Go and play with you playstation kiddo... Alexander the great??? I have an x box 360 and I am almost 34 years old. Also vandals colonized Roman Empire for 18 Years, does that count?  |
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Feb 12, 2010 12:13:48 GMT -5
The Ptolomeic Rule lasted and I quote Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra of Egypt and the Roman conquest in 30 BC. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_EgyptIn 332 BC Alexander III of Macedon conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians. He was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_EgyptThat is 300+ years But Greeks continued to staff most of the administrative offices and Greek remained the language of government except at the highest levels. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans did not settle in Egypt in large numbers. Culture, education and civic life largely remained Greek throughout the Roman period. The Romans, like the Ptolemies, respected and protected Egyptian religion and customs, although the cult of the Roman state and of the Emperor was gradually introduced. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_EgyptAnother couple of hundred years As Rome overtook the Ptolemaic system in place for areas of Egypt, they made many changes. The effect of the Roman conquest was at first to strengthen the position of the Greeks and of Hellenism against Egyptian influences. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(Roman_province)#Roman_government_in_EgyptOther than Roman citizens, a Greek citizen of one of the Greek cities had the highest status, and a rural Egyptian would be in the lowest class.[3] In between those classes was the metropolite, who was almost certainly of Hellenic origin. Gaining citizenship and moving up in ranks was very difficult and there were not many available options for ascendancy.[4] One of the routes that many followed to ascend to another caste was through enlistment in the army. Although only Romans citizens could serve in the legions, many Greeks found their way in. The native Egyptians could join the auxiliary forces and attain citizenship upon discharge.[5] The different groups had different rates of taxation based on their social class. The Greeks were exempt from the poll tax, while Hellenized inhabitants of the nome capitals were taxed at a lower rate than the native Egyptians, who could not enter the army and paid the full poll tax.[6] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(Roman_province)#Social_Structure_in_Early_Roman_EgyptWithin the citizenry, there were gymnasiums that Greek citizens could enter if they showed that both parents were members of the gymnasium based on a list that was compiled by the government in 4-5 CE.[9] The candidate for the gymnasium would then be let into the ephebus. There was also the council of elders known as the gerousia. This council of elders did not have a boulai to answer to. All of this Greek organization was a vital part of the metropolis and the Greek institutions provided an elite group of citizens. The Romans looked to these elites to provide municipal officers and well-educated administrators.[10] These elites also paid lower poll-taxes than the local native Egyptians, fellahin. It is well documented that Alexandrians in particular were able to enjoy lower tax-rates on land.[11] Interestingly enough, these privileges even extended to corporal punishments. Romans were protected from this type of punishment while native Egyptians were whipped. Alexandrians, on the other hand, had the privilege of merely being beaten with a rod.[12] Although Alexandria enjoyed the greatest status of the Greek cities in Egypt, it is clear that the other Greek cities, such as Antinoopolis, enjoyed privileges very similar to the ones seen in Alexandria.[13] All of these changes amounted to the Greeks being treated as an ally in Egypt and the native Egyptians were treated as a conquered race. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(Roman_province)#Social_Structure_in_Early_Roman_EgyptAn army of 4,000 Arabs led by Amr Ibn Al-Aas was sent by the Caliph Umar, successor to Muhammad, to spread Islamic rule to the west. These Arabs crossed into Egypt from Palestine in December 639, and advanced rapidly into the Nile Delta. The Imperial garrisons retreated into the walled towns, where they successfully held out for a year or more. But the Arabs sent for reinforcements, and in April 641 they captured Alexandria. The Byzantines did assemble a fleet with the aim of recapturing Egypt, and won back Alexandria in 645, but the Muslims retook the city in 646, completing the Muslim conquest of Egypt. Thus ended 975 years of Græco-Roman rule over Egypt. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(Roman_province)#Arab_conquestTotal is 1000 years of Hellenic influence in Egypt centered in Alexandria. |
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Post by croatchessmaster on Feb 25, 2012 19:56:25 GMT -5
Fantastic articles.
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Post by vinjak on Sept 6, 2012 17:58:52 GMT -5
I will answer these as I have time
the stefan dushan code condemned catholics that win't convert to orthodoxy...
Hmm I thought Dusans code ommited ecclesiastical material and was secular so could it be your refering to the Byzantine ecclesiastical code or maybe St Savas Nomocanon ?
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Post by vinjak on Sept 6, 2012 18:20:08 GMT -5
tha battle was fought by balkan christians, prince lazar of servia was the chief of coalition. the battle was lost by treason of 2 servs that today are venerated in servia like heores. vuk brankovic and marko krajlevic
The other Princes sent small forces to support the Serbian army ie King Tvrtko who later bragged that he stopped the Turks at Kosovo polje.
Vuk Brankovic, the jury is still out on what happened, slowly there is more agreeance among the scholars that he was not a traitor however opinion is still divided and the Serbian people are also divided on the subject, so he aint venerated as you described...
The Battle was a draw the Turks where not able to launch anymore attacks at the end of that day and what was left of both armys withdrew the Turks could however draw more troops from the east but Serbia lost all...it was another 70 years before the turks came back.
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Post by terroreign on Sept 6, 2012 18:27:50 GMT -5
Marko Kraljevic wasn't a traitor, and Vuk Brankovic is generally thought of as one.
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Post by vinjak on Sept 6, 2012 18:38:05 GMT -5
Marko was hard done by, by the Serbian Lords so his vassalage comes out of spite to the Lords who seized his inherited lands (including Pristina taken by Lazar).. More later
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Post by vinjak on Sept 6, 2012 18:45:27 GMT -5
mehmet fatih the invader of kostandinopole was half serbian, his mother was mara brankovic...\
Mara was his stepmother.
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Post by vinjak on Sept 6, 2012 18:53:52 GMT -5
brankovic was a traitor.
As I have mentioned it is historicly unclear and majority of peoples opinions are that he was a traitor howver scholars are divided, but he is hardly venerated by the Serbian people as you have claimed.
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Post by vinjak on Sept 6, 2012 19:03:08 GMT -5
mara was valide sultana....
I dont know if she was given that title later (being his stepmother )but the Valide Sultan was his birth mother Huma Hatun, not sure if title is passed to stepmothers.
finnally we are discussing as nearly civilized persons???
Of course, when you stop all the banging of your nationalistic drum then yes I am glad to discuss with you.
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Post by vinjak on Sept 6, 2012 19:06:45 GMT -5
mara was valide sultana....I dont know if she was given that title later but the Valide Sultan (In mehmed II case) is his birth mother Huma Hatun. finnally we are discussing as nearly civilized persons???
Of course, when you stop all the banging of your nationalistic drum then yes I am glad to discuss with you. f**k off ok...dont change my posts anymore and we are fine Put the drum sticks down, lay of the Srbosjek and Jasenovac comments and yes we are good. cmon, love is blind, you can fall even for an albo ...If she is a good person and atractive, nationality does not matter. |
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