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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 2, 2008 0:25:46 GMT -5
Illyrius(3/2/04 9:14 am) Book 7V.[1] The remainder of Europe consists of the country which is between the Ister and the encircling sea, beginning at the recess of the Adriatic and extending as far as the Sacred Mouth1 of the Ister. In this country are Greece and the tribes of the Macedonians and of the Epeirotes, and all those tribes above them whose countries reach to the Ister and to the seas on either side, both the Adriatic and the Pontic--to the Adriatic, the Illyrian tribes, and to the other sea as far as the Propontis and the Hellespont, the Thracian tribes and whatever Scythian or Celtic tribes are intermingled2 with them. But I must make my beginning at the Ister, speaking of the parts that come next in order after the regions which I have already encompassed in my description. These are the parts that border on Italy, on the Alps, and on the counties of the Germans, Dacians, and Getans. This country also3 might be divided into two parts, for, in a way, the Illyrian, Paeonian, and Thracian mountains are parallel to the Ister, thus completing what is almost a straight line that reaches from the Adrias as far as the Pontus; and to the north of this line are the parts that are between the Ister and the mountains, whereas to the south are Greece and the barbarian country which borders thereon and extends as far as the mountainous country. Now the mountain called Haemus4 is near the Pontus; it is the largest and highest of all mountains in that part of the world, and cleaves Thrace almost in the center. Polybius says that both seas are visible from the mountain, but this is untrue, for the distance to the Adrias is great and the things that obscure the view are many. On the other hand, almost the whole of Ardia5 is near the Adrias. But Paeonia is in the middle, and the whole of it too is high country. Paeonia is bounded on either side, first, towards the Thracian parts, by Rhodope,6 a mountain next in height to the Haemus, and secondly, on the other side, towards the north, by the Illyrian parts, both the country of the Autariatae and that of the Dardanians.7 So then, let me speak first of the Illyrian parts, which join the Ister and that part of the Alps which lies between Italy and Germany and begins at the lake8 which is near the country of the Vindelici, Rhaeti, and Toenii.9 [2] A part of this country was laid waste by the Dacians when they subdued the Boii and Taurisci, Celtic tribes under the rule of Critasirus.10 They alleged that the country was theirs, although it was separated from theirs by the River Parisus,11 which flows from the mountains to the Ister near the country of the Scordisci who are called Galatae,12 for these too13 lived intermingled with the Illyrian and the Thracian tribes. But though the Dacians destroyed the Boii and Taurisci, they often used the Scordisci as allies. The remainder of the country in question is held by the Pannonii as far as Segestica14 and the Ister, on the north and east, although their territory extends still farther in the other directions. The city Segestica, belonging to the Pannonians, is at the confluence of several rivers,15 all of them navigable, and is naturally fitted to be a base of operations for making war against the Dacians; for it lies beneath that part of the Alps which extends as far as the country of the Iapodes, a tribe which is at the same time both Celtic and Illyrian. And thence, too, flow rivers which bring down into Segestica much merchandise both from other countries and from Italy. For if one passes over Mount Ocra16 from Aquileia to Nauportus,17 a settlement of the Taurisci, whither the wagons are brought, the distance is three hundred and fifty stadia, though some say five hundred. Now the Ocra is the lowest part of that portion of the Alps which extends from the country of the Rhaeti to that of the Iapodes. Then the mountains rise again, in the country of the Iapodes, and are called “Albian.”18 In like manner, also, there is a pass which leads over Ocra from Tergeste,19 a Carnic village, to a marsh called Lugeum.20 Near Nauportus there is a river, the Corcoras,21 which receives the cargoes. Now this river empties into the Saus, and the Saus into the Dravus, and the Dravus into the Noarus22 near Segestica. Immediately below Nauportus the Noarus is further increased in volume by the Colapis,23 which flows from the Albian Mountain through the country of the Iapodes and meets the Danuvius near the country of the Scordisci. The voyage on these rivers is, for the most part, towards the north. The road from Tergeste to the Danuvius is about one thousand two hundred stadia. Near Segestica, and on the road to Italy, are situated both Siscia,24 a fort, and Sirmium.25 [3] The tribes of the Pannonii are: the Breuci, the Andisetii, the Ditiones, the Peirustae, the Mazaei, and the Daesitiatae, whose leader is26 Bato,27 and also other small tribes of less significance which extend as far as Dalmatia and, as one goes south, almost as far as the land of the Ardiaei. The whole of the mountainous country that stretches alongside Pannonia from the recess of the Adriatic as far as the Rhizonic Gulf28 and the land of the Ardiaei is Illyrian, falling as it does between the sea and the Pannonian tribes. But this29 is about where I should begin my continuous geographical circuit--though first I shall repeat a little of what I have said before.30 I was saying in my geographical circuit of Italy that the Istrians were the first people on the Illyrian seaboard; their country being a continuation of Italy and the country of the Carni; and it is for this reason that the present Roman rulers have advanced the boundary of Italy as far as Pola, an Istrian city. Now this boundary is about eight hundred stadia from the recess, and the distance from the promontory31 in front of Pola to Ancona, if one keeps the Henetic32 country on the right, is the same. And the entire distance along the coast of Istria is one thousand three hundred stadia. [4] Next in order comes the voyage of one thousand stadia along the coast of the country of the Iapodes; for the Iapodes are situated on the Albian Mountain, which is the last mountain of the Alps, is very lofty, and reaches down to the country of the Pannonians on one side and to the Adrias on the other. They are indeed a war-mad people, but they have been utterly worn out by Augustus. Their cities33 are Metulum,34 Arupini,35 Monetium,36 and Vendo.37 Their lands are poor, the people living for the most part on spelt and millet. Their armor is Celtic, and they are tattooed like the rest of the Illyrians and the Miracians. After the voyage along the coast of the country of the Iapodes comes that along the coast of the country of the Liburni, the latter being five hundred stadia longer than the former; on this voyage is a river,38 which is navigable inland for merchant-vessels as far as t he country of the Dalmatians, and also a Liburnian city, Scardo.39 [5] There are islands along the whole of the aforesaid seaboard: first, the Apsyrtides,40 where Medeia is said to have killed her brother Apsyrtus who was pursuing her; and then, opposite the country of the Iapodes, Cyrictica,41 then the Liburnides,42 about forty in number; then other islands, of which the best known are Issa,43 Tragurium44 (founded by the people of Issa), and Pharos (formerly Paros, founded by the Parians45 ), the native land of Demetrius46 the Pharian. Then comes the seaboard of the Dalmatians, and also their sea-port, Salo.47 This tribe is one of those which carried on war against the Romans for a long time; it had as many as fifty noteworthy settlements; and some of these were cities--Salo, Priamo, Ninia, and Sinotium (both the Old and the New), all of which were set on fire by Augustus. And there is Andretium, a fortified place; and also Dalmium48 (whence the name of the tribe), which was once a large city, but because of the greed of the people Nasica49 reduced it to a small city and made the plain a mere sheep pasture. The Dalmatians have the peculiar custom of making a redistribution of land every seven years; and that they make no use of coined money is peculiar to them as compared with the other peoples in that part of the world, although as compared with many other barbarian peoples it is common. And there is Mount Adrium,50 which cuts the Dalmatian country through the middle into two parts, one facing the sea and the other in the opposite direction. Then come the River Naro and the people who live about it--the Daorisi, the Ardiaei, and the Pleraei. An island called the Black Corcyra51 and also a city52 founded by the Cnidians are close to the Pleraei, while Pharos (formerly called Paros, for it was founded by Parians) is close to the Ardiaei. [6] The Ardiaei were called by the men of later times “Vardiaei.” Because they pestered the sea through their piratical bands, the Romans pushed them back from it into the interior and forced them to till the soil. But the country is rough and poor and not suited to a farming population, and therefore the tribe has been utterly ruined and in fact has almost been obliterated. And this is what befell the rest of the peoples in that part of the world; for those who were most powerful in earlier times were utterly humbled or were obliterated, as, for example, among the Galatae the Boii and the Scordistae, and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans. [7] Be this as it may, after the seaboard of the Ardiaei and the Pleraei come the Rhisonic Gulf, and the city Rhizo,53 and other small towns and also the River Drilo,54 which is navigable inland towards the east as far as the Dardanian country. This country borders on the Macedonian and the Paeonian tribes on the south, as do also the Autariatae and the Dassaretii--different peoples on different sides being contiguous to one another and to the Autariatae.55 To the Dardaniatae belong also the Galabrii,56 among whom is an ancient city,57 and the Thunatae, whose country joins that of the Medi,58 a Thracian tribe on the east. The Dardanians are so utterly wild that they dig caves beneath their dung-hills and live there, but still they care for music, always making use of musical instruments, both flutes and stringed instruments. However, these people live in the interior, and I shall mention them again later. [8] After the Rhizonic Gulf comes the city of Lissus,59 and Acrolissus,60 and Epida-mnus,61 founded by the Corcyraeans, which is now called Dyrrachium, like the peninsula on which it is situated. Then comes the Apsus62 River; and then the Aoüs,63 on which is situated Apollonia,64 an exceedingly well-governed city, founded by the Corinthians and the Corcyraeans, and ten stadia distant from the river and sixty from the sea. The Aoüs is called “Aeas “65 by Hecataeus, who says that both the Inachus and the Aeas flow from the same place, the region of Lacmus,66 or rather from the same subterranean recess, the former towards the south into Argos and the latter towards the west and towards the Adrias. In the country of the Apolloniates is a place called Nymphaeum; it is a rock that gives forth fire; and beneath it flow springs of warm water and asphalt--probably because the clods of asphalt in the earth are burned by the fire. And near by, on a hill, is a mine of asphalt; and the part that is trenched is filled up again in the course of time, since, as Poseidonius says, the earth that is poured into the trenches changes to asphalt. He also speaks of the asphaltic vine-earth which is mined at the Pierian Seleuceia67 as a cure for the infested vine; for, he says, if it is smeared on together with olive oil, it kills the insects68 before they can mount the sprouts of the roots;69 and, he adds, earth of this sort was also discovered in Rhodes when he was in office there as Prytanis,70 but it required more olive oil. After Apollonia comes Bylliaca,71 and Oricum72 and its seaport Panormus, and the Ceraunian Mountains, where the mouth of the Ionian Gulf73 and the Adrias begins. [9] Now the mouth is common to both, but the Ionian is different in that it is the name of the first part of this sea, whereas Adrias is the name of the inside part of the sea as far as the recess; at the present time, however, Adrias is also the name of the sea as a whole. According to Theopompus, the first name came from a man,74 a native of Issa,75 who once ruled over the region, whereas the Adrias was named after a river.76 The distance from the country of the Liburnians to the Ceraunian Mountains is slightly more than two thousand stadia Theopompus states that the whole voyage from the recess takes six days, and that on foot the length of the Illyrian country is as much as thirty days, though in my opinion he makes the distance too great.77 And he also says other things that are incredible: first, that the seas78 are connected by a subterranean passage, from the fact that both Chian and Thasian pottery are found in the Naro River; secondly, that both seas are visible from a certain mountain;79 and thirdly, when he puts down a certain one of the Liburnides islands as large enough to have a circuit of five hundred stadia;80 and fourthly, that the Ister empties by one of its mouths into the Adrias. In Eratosthenes, also, are some false hearsay statements of this kind--“popular notions,”81 as Polybius calls them when speaking of him and the other historians. [10] Now the whole Illyrian seaboard is exceedingly well supplied with harbors, not only on the continuous coast itself but also in the neighboring islands, although the reverse is the case with that part of the Italian seaboard which lies opposite, since it is harborless. But both seaboards in like manner are sunny and good for fruits, for the olive and the vine flourish there, except, perhaps, in places here or there that are utterly rugged. But although the Illyrian seaboard is such, people in earlier times made but small account of it--perhaps in part owing to their ignorance of its fertility, though mostly because of the wildness of the inhabitants and their piratical habits. But the whole of the country situated above this is mountainous, cold, and subject to snows, especially the northerly part, so that there is a scarcity of the vine, not only on the heights but also on the levels. These latter are the mountain-plains occupied by the Pannonians; on the south they extend as far as the country of the Dalmatians and the Ardiaei, on the north they end at the Ister, while on the east they border on the country of the Scordisci, that is, on the country that extends along the mountains of the Macedonians and the Thracians.[11] Now the Autariatae were once the largest and best tribe of the Illyrians. In earlier times they were continually at war with the Ardiaei over the salt-works on the common frontiers. The salt was made to crystallize out of water which in the spring-time flowed at the foot of a certain mountain-glen, for if they drew off the water and stowed it away for five days the salt would become thoroughly crystallized. They would agree to use the salt-works alternately, but would break the agreements and go to war. At one time when the Autariatae had subdued the Triballi, whose territory extended from that of the Agrianes as far as the Ister, a journey of fifteen days, they held sway also over the rest of the Thracians and the Illyrians; but they were overpowered, at first by the Scordisci, and later on by the Romans, who also subdued the Scordisci themselves, after these had been in power for a long time.[12] The Scordisci lived along the Ister and were divided into two tribes called the Great Scordisci and the Little Scordisci. The former lived between two rivers that empty into the Ister--the Noarus,82 which flows past Segestica, and the Margus83 (by some called the Bargus), whereas the Little Scordisci lived on the far side of this river,84 and their territory bordered on that of the Triballi and the Mysi. The Scordisci also held some of the islands; and they increased to such an extent that they advanced as far as the Illyrian, Paeonian, and Thracian mountains; accordingly, they also took possession of most of the islands in the Ister. And they also had two cities--Heorta and Capedunum.85 After the country of the Scordisci, along the Ister, comes that of the Triballi and the Mysi (whom I have mentioned before),86 and also the marshes of that part of what is called Little Scythia which is this side the Ister (these too I have mentioned).87 These people, as also the Crobyzi and what are called the Troglodytae, live above88 the region round about Callatis,89 Tomis,90 and Ister.91 Then come the peoples who live in the neighborhood of the Haemus Mountain and those who live at its base and extend as far as the Pontus--I mean the Coralli, the Bessi, and some of the Medi92 and Dantheletae. Now these tribes are very brigandish themselves, but the Bessi, who inhabit the greater part of the Haemus Mountain, are called brigands even by the brigands. The Bessi live in huts and lead a wretched life; and their country borders on Mount Rhodope, on the country of the Paeonians, and on that of two Illyrian peoples--the Autariatae, and the Dardanians. Between these93 and the Ardiaei are the Dassaretii, the Hybrianes,94 and other insignificant tribes, which the Scordisci kept on ravaging until they had depopulated the country and made it full of trackless forests for a distance of several days' journey.------------------------------------------------------------ 1 See 7. 3. 15. 2 See 7. 3. 2, 11. 3 Cp. 7. 1. 1. 4 Balkan. 5 The southern part of Dalmatia, bounded by the River Naro (now Narenta); but Strabo is thinking also of the Adrian Mountain (now the Dinara; see 7. 5. 5), which runs through the center of Dalmatia as far as the Naro. 6 Now Despoto-Dagh. 7 Cp. 7. 5. 6. 8 Lake Constance (the Bodensee), see 7. 1. 5. 9 Meineke emends “Toenii” (otherwise unknown) to “Helvetii,” the word one would expect here (cp. 7. 1. 5); but (on textual grounds) “Toygeni” (cp. 7. 2. 2) is almost certainly the correct reading. 10 Cp. 7. 3. 11. 11 The “Parisus” (otherwise unknown) should probably be emended to “Pathissus” (now the Lower Theiss), the river mentioned by Pliny (4. 25) in connection with the Daci. 12 i.e. Gauls. 13 Cp. 7. 5. 1 and footnote. 14 Now Sissek. 15 Cp. 4. 6. 10. 16 The Julian Alps. 17 Now Ober-Laibach. 18 Cp. 4. 6.1. 19 Now Trieste. 20 Now Lake Zirknitz. 21 Now the Gurk. 22 Something is wrong here. In 4. 6. 10 Strabo rightly makes the Saüs (Save) flow past Segestica (Sissek) and empty into the Danube, not the Drave. The Drave, too, empties into the Danube, not into some Noarus River. Moreover, the Noarus is otherwise unknown, except that it is again mentioned in 7. 5. 12 as “flowing past Segestica.” 23 Now the Kulpa. 24 The usual name for Segestica itself was Siscia. 25 Now Mitrovitza. 26 It is doubtful whether “is” or “was” (so others translate) should be supplied from the context here. Certainly “is” is more natural. This passage is important as having a bearing on the time of the composition and retouching of Strabo's work. See the Introduction, pp. xxiv ff. 27 Bato the Daesitiation and Bato the Breucian made common cause against the Romans in 6 A.D. (Cass. Dio 55.29). The former put the latter to death in 8 A.D. (op. cit. 55. 34), but shortly afterwards surrendered to the Romans (Vell. Pat. 2.114). 28 Now the Gulf of Cattaro. 29 The Rhizonic Gulf. 30 5. 1. 1, 5. 1. 9 and 6. 3. 10. 31 Polaticum Promontorium; now Punta di Promontore. 32 See 5. 1. 4. 33 Cp. 4. 6. 10. 34 Probably what is now the village of Metule, east of Lake Zirknitz. 35 Probably what is now Auersberg. 36 Now Möttnig. 37 But the proper spelling is “Avendo,” which place was near what are now Crkvinje Kampolje, south-east of Zeng (see Tomaschek, Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. “Avendo”). 38 The Titius, now Kerka. 39 Now Scardona. 40 Now Ossero and Cherso. 41 Now Veglia. 42 Now Arbo, Pago, Isola Longa, and the rest. 43 Now Lissa. 44 Now Trau. 45 In 384 B.C. (Diodorus Siculus, 15. 13). 46 Demetrius of Pharos, on making common cause with the Romans in 229 B.C., was made ruler of most of Illyria instead of Queen Tuta (Polybius, 2-10 ff.).47 Now Salona, between Klissa and Spalato. 48 Also spelled Delminium; apparently what is now Duvno (see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. “Delminium”). 49 P. Cornelius Scipio Nascia Corculum, in 155 B.C. 50 The Dinara. 51 Now Curzola. 52 Of the same name. 53 Now Risano. 54 Now the Drin. 55 The exact meaning and connection of “different. . . Autariatae” is doubtful. Carais and others emend Autariatae to Dardaniatae; others would omit “and to the Autariatae”; and still others would make the clause read “and different tribes which on different sides are contiguous to one another and to the Autariatae.” The last seems most probable. 56 The Galabrii, who are otherwise unknown, are thought by Patsch (Pauly-Wissowa, s.v.) and others to be the ancestors of the Italian Calabri. 57 The name of this city, now unknown, seems to have fallen out of the text. 58 “Maedi” is the usual spelling in other authors. But cp. “Medobithyni,” 7. 3. 2 and “Medi,” 7. 5. 12 and Frag. 36. 59 Now Alessio. 60 A fortress near Lissus. 61 Now Durazzo. 62 Now the Semeni. 63 Now the Viosa. 64 Now Pollina. 65 Cp. 6. 2. 4, and Pliny 3.26. 66 More often spelled Lacmon; one of the heights of Pindus. 67 Now Kabousi, at the foot of the Djebel-Arsonz (Mt. Pieria), on the boundary of Cilicia and Syria. 68 In private communications to Professor C. R. Crosby of Cornell University, Dr. Paul Marchal and Professor F. Silvestri of Protici identify the insect in question as the Pseudococcus Vitis (also called Dactylopius Vitis, Nedzelsky). This insect, in conjunction with the fungus Bornetina Corium, still infests the vine in the region mentioned by Poseidonius. 69 For a discussion of this passage, see Mangin and Viala, Revue de Viticulture, 1903, Vol. XX, pp. 583-584. 70 President, or chief presiding-officer. 71 The territory (not the city of Byllis) between Apollonia and Oricum. 72 Now Erico. 73 See 6. 1. 7 and the footnote. 74 Ionius, an Illyrian according to the Scholiasts (quoting Theopompus) on Apollonius Argonautica 4.308) and Pind. P. 3.120. 75 The isle of Issa (7. 5. 5). 76 Called by Ptolemaeus (3. 1. 21) “Atrianus,” emptying into the lagoons of the Padus (now Po) near the city of Adria (cp. 5. 1. 8), or Atria (now Atri). This river, now the Tartara, is by other writers called the Tartarus. 77 Strabo's estimate for the length of the Illyrian seaboard, all told (cp. 7.. 5. 3-4), amounts to 5,800 stadia. In objecting to Theopompus' length of the Illyrian country on foot, he obviously wishes, among other things, to make a liberal deduction for the seaboard of the Istrian peninsula. Cp. 6. 3. 10. 78 The Adriatic and the Aegaean. 79 The Haemus (cp. 7. 5. 1). 80 The coastline of Arbo is not much short of 500 stadia. The present translator inserts “a certain one”; others emend so as to make Theopompus refer to the circuit of all the Liburnides, or insert “the least” (tên elachiston), or leave the text in doubt. 81 See 2. 4. 2 and 10. 3. 5. 82 See 7. 5. 2. 83 Now the Morava. 84 i.e. east of the Margus. 85 The sites of these places are unknown. Groskurd and Forbiger identify them with what are now Heortberg (Hartberg) and Kappenberg (Kapfenstein). 86 7. 3. 7, 8, 10, 13. 87 7. 4. 5. 88 i.e. “in the interior and back of.” 89 Now Mangalia, on the Black Sea. 90 Now Kostanza. 91 Now Karanasib. 92 Cp. 7. 5. 7 and the footnote. 93 The word “these” would naturally refer to the Autariatae and the Dardanians, but it might refer to the Bessi (see next footnote). 94 The “Hybrianes” are otherwise unknown. Casaubon and Meineke emend to “Agrianes” (cp. 7. 5. 11 and Fragments 36, 37 and 41). If this doubtful emendation be accepted, the “these” (see preceding footnote) must refer to the Bessi. ------------------------------------------------------------ There are a total of 6 comments on and cross references to this page. Cross references from The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister): siscia [ SISCIA (Sisak) Croatia, Yugoslavia. ] delminium [ DELMINIUM (Županac) Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia. ] narona [ NARONA (Vid by Metković) Croatia, Yugoslavia. ] stolac [ STOLAC (“Diluntum”) Bosnia-Hercegovina, Yugoslavia. ] Cross references from Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898): cervesia [Cervesia, Cervisia] ephebeum [Ephebēum] ------------------------------------------------------------ Preferred URL for linking to this page: www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+7.5.1
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 2, 2008 0:28:10 GMT -5
Illyrius (3/2/04 9:39 am)
VII.[1] These alone, then, of all the tribes that are marked off by the Ister and by the Illyrian and Thracian mountains, deserve to be mentioned, occupying as they do the whole of the Adriatic seaboard beginning at the recess, and also the sea-board that is called “the left parts of the Pontus,” and extends from the Ister River as far as Byzantium. But there remain to be described the southerly parts of the aforesaid1 mountainous country and next thereafter the districts that are situated below them, among which are both Greece and the adjacent barbarian country as far as the mountains. Now Hecataeus of Miletus says of the Peloponnesus that before the time of the Greeks it was inhabited by barbarians. Yet one might say that in the ancient times the whole of Greece was a settlement of barbarians, if one reasons from the traditions themselves: Pelops2 brought over peoples3 from Phrygia to the Peloponnesus that received its name from him; and Danaüs4 from Egypt; whereas the Dryopes, the Caucones, the Pelasgi, the Leleges, and other such peoples, apportioned among themselves the parts that are inside the isthmus--and also the parts outside, for Attica was once held by the Thracians who came with Eumolpus,5 Daulis in Phocis by Tereus,6 Cadmeia7 by the Phoenicians who came with Cadmus, and Boeotia itself by the Aones and Temmices and Hyantes. According to Pindar,
“there was a time when the Boeotian tribe was called “Syes.”8 9 Moreover, the barbarian origin of some is indicated by their names--Cecrops, Godrus, Aïclus, Cothus, Drymas, and Crinacus. And even to the present day the Thracians, Illyrians, and Epeirotes live on the flanks of the Greeks (though this was still more the case formerly than now); indeed most of the country that at the present time is indisputably Greece is held by the barbarians--Macedonia and certain parts of Thessaly by the Thracians, and the parts above Acarnania and Aetolia by the Thesproti, the Cassopaei, the Amphilochi, the Molossi, and the Athamanes--Epeirotic tribes. [2] As for the Pelasgi, I have already discussed them.10 As for the Leleges, some conjecture that they are the same as the Carians, and others that they were only fellow-inhabitants and fellow-soldiers of these; and this, they say, is why, in the territory of Miletus, certain settlements are called settlements of the Leleges, and why, in many places in Caria, tombs of the Leleges and deserted forts, known as “Lelegian forts,” are so called. However, the whole of what is now called Ionia used to be inhabited by Carians and Leleges; but the Ionians themselves expelled them and took possession of the country, although in still earlier times the captors of Troy had driven the Leleges from the region about Ida that is near Pedasus and the Satnioïs River. So then, the very fact that the Leleges made common cause with the Carians might be considered a sign that they were barbarians. And Aristotle, in his Polities,11 also clearly indicates that they led a wandering life, not only with the Carians, but also apart from them, and from earliest times; for instance, in the Polity of the Acarnanians he says that the Curetes held a part of the country, whereas the Leleges, and then the Teleboae, held the westerly part; and in the Polity of the Aetolians (and likewise in that of the Opuntii and the Megarians) he calls the Locri of today Leleges and says that they took possession of Boeotia too; again, in the Polity of the Leucadians he names a certain indigenous Lelex, and also Teleboas, the son of a daughter of Lelex, and twenty-two sons of Teleboas, some of whom, he says, dwelt in Leucas.12 But in particular one might believe Hesiod when he says concerning them:
“For verily Locrus was chieftain of the peoples of the Leleges, whom once Zeus the son of Cronus, who knoweth devices imperishable, gave to Deucalion--peoples13 picked out of earth”;14 for by his etymology15 he seems to me to hint that from earliest times they were a collection of mixed peoples and that this was why the tribe disappeared. And the same might be said of the Caucones, since now they are nowhere to be found, although in earlier times they were settled in several places. [3] Now although in earlier times the tribes in question were small, numerous, and obscure, still, because of the density of their population and because they lived each under its own king, it was not at all difficult to determine their boundaries; but now that most of the country has become depopulated and the settlements, particularly the cities, have disappeared from sight, it would do no good, even if one could determine their boundaries with strict accuracy, to do so, because of their obscurity and their disappearance. This process of disappearing began a long time ago, and has not yet entirely ceased in many regions because the people keep revolting; indeed, the Romans, after being set up as masters by the inhabitants, encamp in their very houses.16 Be this as it may, Polybius17 says that Paulus,18 after his subjection of Perseus and the Macedonians, destroyed seventy cities of the Epeirotes (most of which, he adds, belonged to the Molossi),19 and reduced to slavery one hundred and fifty thousand people. Nevertheless, I shall attempt, in so far as it is appropriate to my description and as my knowledge reaches, to traverse the several different parts, beginning at the seaboard of the Ionian Gulf--that is, where the voyage out of the Adrias ends.
[4] Of this seaboard, then, the first parts are those about Epid-amnus and Apollonia. From Apollonia to Macedonia one travels the Egnatian Road, towards the east; it has been measured by Roman miles and marked by pillars as far as Cypsela20 and the Hebrus21 River--a distance of five hundred and thirty-five miles. Now if one reckons as most people do, eight stadia to the mile, there would be four thousand two hundred and eighty stadia, whereas if one reckons as Polybius does, who adds two plethra, which is a third of a stadium, to the eight stadia, one must add one hundred and seventy-eight stadia--the third of the number of miles. And it so happens that travellers setting out from Apollonia and Epid*mnus meet at an equal distance from the two places on the same road.22 Now although the road as a whole is called the Egnatian Road, the first part of it is called the Road to Candavia (an Illyrian mountain) and passes through Lychnidus,23 a city, and Pylon, a place on the road which marks the boundary between the Illyrian country and Macedonia. From Pylon the road runs to Barnus24 through Heracleia25 and the country of the Lyncestae and that of the Eordi into Edessa26 and Pella27 and as far as Thessaloniceia;28 and the length of this road in miles, according to Polybius, is two hundred and sixty-seven. So then, in travelling this road from the region of Epid*mnus and Apollonia, one has on the right the Epeirotic tribes whose coasts are washed by the Sicilian Sea and extend as far as the Ambracian Gulf,29 and, on the left, the mountains of Illyria, which I have already described in detail, and those tribes which live along them and extend as far as Macedonia and the country of the Paeonians. Then, beginning at the Ambracian Gulf, all the districts which, one after another, incline towards the east and stretch parallel to the Peloponnesus belong to Greece; they then leave the whole of the Peloponnesus on the right and project into the Aegaean Sea. But the districts which extend from the beginning of the Macedonian and the Paeonian mountains as far as the Strymon30 River are inhabited by the Macedonians, the Paeonians, and by some of the Thracian mountaineers; whereas the districts beyond the Strymon, extending as far as the mouth of the Pontus and the Haemus, all belong to the Thracians, except the seaboard. This seaboard is inhabited by Greeks, some being situated on the Propontis,31 others on the Hellespont and the Gulf of Melas,32 and others on the Aegaean. The Aegaean Sea washes Greece on two sides: first, the side that faces towards the east and stretches from Sunium,33 towards the north as far as the Thermaean Gulf34 and Thessaloniceia, a Macedonian city, which at the present time is more populous than any of the rest; and secondly, the side that faces towards the south, I mean the Macedonian country, extending from Thessaloniceia as far as the Strymon. Some, however, also assign to Macedonia the country that extends from the Strymon as far as the Nestus River,35 since Philip was so specially interested in these districts that he appropriated them to himself, and since he organized very large revenues from the mines and the other natural resources of the country. But from Sunium to the Peloponnesus lie the Myrtoan, the Cretan, and the Libyan Seas, together with their gulfs, as far as the Sicilian Sea; and this last fills out the Ambracian, the Corinthian, and the Crisaean36 Gulfs.
[5] Now as for the Epeirotes, there are fourteen tribes of them, according to Theopompus, but of these the Chaones and the Molossi are the most famous, because of the fact that they once ruled over the whole of the Epeirote country--the Chaones earlier and later the Molossi; and the Molossi grew to still greater power, partly because of the kinship of their kings, who belonged to the family of the Aeacidae,37 and partly because of the fact that the oracle at Dodona38 was in their country, an oracle both ancient and renowned. Now the Chaones and the Thesproti and, next in order after these, the Cassopaei (these, too, are Thesproti) inhabit the seaboard which extends from the Ceraunian Mountains as far as the Ambracian Gulf, and they have a fertile country. The voyage, if one begins at the country of the Chaones and sails towards the rising sun and towards the Ambracian and Corinthian Gulfs, keeping the Ausonian Sea39 on the right and Epeirus on the left, is one thousand three hundred stadia, that is, from the Ceraunian Mountains to the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf. In this interval is Panormus,40 a large harbor at the center of the Ceraunian Mountains, and after these mountains one comes to Onchesmus,41 another harbor, opposite which lie the western extremities of Corcyraea,42 and then still another harbor, Cassiope,43 from which the distance to Brentesium is one thousand seven hundred stadia. And the distance to Taras from another cape, which is farther south than Cassiope and is called Phalacrum,44 is the same. After Onchesmus comes Poseidium,45 and also Buthrotum46 (which is at the mouth of what is called Pelodes Harbor, is situated on a place that forms a peninsula, and has alien settlers consisting of Romans), and the Sybota.47 The Sybota are small islands situated only a short distance from the mainland and opposite Leucimma, the eastern headland of Corcyraea. And there are still other small islands as one sails along this coast, but they are not worth mentioning. Then comes Gape Cheimerium, and also Glycys Limen,48 into which the River Acheron49 empties. The Acheron flows from the Acherusian Lake50 and receives several rivers as tributaries, so that it sweetens the waters of the gulf. And also the Thyamis51 flows near by. Cichyrus,52 the Ephyra of former times, a city of the Thesprotians, lies above this gulf, whereas Phoenice53 lies above that gulf which is at Buthrotum. Near Cichyrus is Buchetium, a small town of the Cassopaeans, which is only a short distance above the sea; also Elatria, Pandosia, and Batiae, which are in the interior, though their territory reaches down as far as the gulf. Next in order after Glycys Limen come two other harbors--Comarus,54 the nearer and smaller of the two, which forms an isthmus of sixty stadia55 with the Ambracian Gulf, and Nicopolis, a city founded by Augustus Caesar, and the other, the more distant and larger and better of the two, which is near the mouth of the gulf and is about twelve stadia distant from Nicopolis.56
[6] Next comes the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf. Although the mouth of this gulf is but slightly more than four stadia wide, the circumference is as much as three hundred stadia; and it has good harbors everywhere. That part of the country which is on the right as one sails in is inhabited by the Greek Acarnanians. Here too, near the mouth, is the sacred precinct of the Actian Apollo--a hill on which the temple stands; and at the foot of the hill is a plain which contains a sacred grove and a naval station, the naval station where Caesar dedicated as first fruits of his victory57 the squadron of ten ships--from vessel with single bank of oars to vessel with ten; however, not only the boats, it is said, but also the boat-houses have been wiped out by fire. On the left of the mouth are Nicopolis and the country of the Epeirote Cassopaeans, which extends as far as the recess of the gulf near Ambracia.58 Ambracia lies only a short distance above the recess; it was founded by Gorgus, the son of Cypselus. The River Aratthus59 flows past Ambracia; it is navigable inland for only a few stadia, from the sea to Ambracia, although it rises in Mount Tymphe and the Paroraea. Now this city enjoyed an exceptional prosperity in earlier times (at any rate the gulf was named after it), and it was adorned most of all by Pyrrhus, who made the place his royal residence. In later times, however, the Macedonians and the Romans, by their continuous wars, so completely reduced both this and the other Epeirote cities because of their disobedience that finally Augustus, seeing that the cities had utterly failed, settled what inhabitants were left in one city together the city on this gulf which was called by him Nicopolis;60 and he so named it after the victory which he won in the naval battle before the mouth of the gulf over Antonius and Cleopatra the queen of the Egyptians, who was also present at the fight. Nicopolis is populous, and its numbers are increasing daily, since it has not only a considerable territory and the adornment taken from the spoils of the battle, but also, in its suburbs, the thoroughly equipped sacred precinct--one part of it being in a sacred grove that contains a gymnasium and a stadium for the celebration of the quinquennial games,61 the other part being on the hill that is sacred to Apollo and lies above the grove. These games--the Actia, sacred to Actian Apollo--have been designated as Olympian,62 and they are superintended by the Lacedaemonians. The other settlements are dependencies of Nicopolis. In earlier times also the Actian Games were wont to be celebrated in honor of the god by the inhabitants of the surrounding country--games in which the prize was a wreath--but at the present time they have been set in greater honor by Caesar.
[7] After Ambracia comes Argos Amphilochicum, founded by Alcmaeon and his children. According to Ephorus, at any rate, Alcmaeon, after the expedition of the Epigoni against Thebes, on being invited by Diomedes, went with him into Aetolia and helped him acquire both this country and Acarnania; and when Agamemnon summoned them to the Trojan war, Diomedes went, but Alcmaeon stayed in Acarnania, founded Argos, and named it Amphilochicum after his brother; and he named the river which flows through the country into the Ambracian Gulf “Inachus,” after the river in the Argeian country. But according to Thucydides,63 Amphilochus himself, after his return from Troy, being displeased with the state of affairs at Argos, passed on into Acarnania, and on succeeding to his brother's dominion founded the city that is named after him.
[8] The Amphilochians are Epeirotes; and so are the peoples who are situated above them and border on the Illyrian mountains, inhabiting a rugged country--I mean the Molossi, the Athamanes, the Aethices, the Tymphaei, the Orestae, and also the Paroraei and the Atintanes, some of them being nearer to the Macedonians and others to the Ionian Gulf. It is said that Orestes once took possession of Orestias--when is, exile on account of the murder of his mother--and left the country bearing his name; and that he also founded a city and called it Argos Oresticum. But the Illyrian tribes which are near the southern part of the mountainous country and those which are above the Ionian Gulf are intermingled with these peoples; for above Epid*mnus and Apollonia as far as the Ceraunian Mountains dwell the Bylliones, the Taulantii, the Parthini, and the Brygi. Somewhere near by are also the silver mines of Damastium,64 around which the Dyestae and the Encheleii (also called Sesarethii) together established their dominion; and near these people are also the Lyncestae, the territory Deuriopus, Pelagonian Tripolitis, the Eordi, Elimeia, and Eratyra. In earlier times these peoples were ruled separately, each by its own dynasty. For instance, it was the descendants of Cadmus and Harmonia who ruled over the Encheleii; and the scenes of the stories told about them are still pointed out there. These people, I say, were not ruled by men of native stock; and the Lyncestae became subject to Arrabaeus, who was of the stock of the Bacchiads (Eurydice, the mother of Philip, Amyntas' son, was Arrabaeus' daughter's daughter and Sirra was his daughter); and again, of the Epeirotes, the Molossi became subject to Pyrrhus, the son of Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, and to his descendants, who were Thessalians. But the rest were ruled by men of native stock. Then, because one tribe or another was always getting the mastery over others, they all ended in the Macedonian empire, except a few who dwelt above the Ionian Gulf. And in fact the regions about Lyncus, Pelagonia, Orestias, and Elimeia, used to be called Upper Macedonia, though later on they were by some also called Free Macedonia. But some go so far as to call the whole of the country Macedonia, as far as Corcyra, at the same time stating as their reason that in tonsure, language, short cloak, and other things of the kind, the usages of the inhabitants are similar,65 although, they add, some speak both languages. But when the empire of the Macedonians was broken up, they fell under the power of the Romans. And it is through the country of these tribes that the Egnatian Road66 runs, which begins at Epid*mnus and Apollonia. Near the Road to Candavia67 are not only the lakes which are in the neighborhood of Lychnidus,68 on the shores of which are salt-fish establishments that are independent of other waters, but also a number of rivers, some emptying into the Ionian Gulf and others flowing in a southerly direction--I mean the Inachus, the Aratthus, the Acheloüs and the Evenus (formerly called the Lycormas); the Aratthus emptying into the Ambracian Gulf, the Inachus into the Acheloüs, the Acheloüs itself and the Evenus into the sea--the Acheloüs after traversing Acarnania and the Evenus after traversing Aetolia. But the Erigon, after receiving many streams from the Illyrian mountains and from the countries of the Lyncestae, Brygi, Deuriopes, and Pelagonians, empties into the Axius.
[9] In earlier times there were also cities among these tribes; at any rate, Pelagonia used to be called Tripolitis,69 one of which was Azorus; and all the cities of the Deuriopes on the Erigon River were populous, among which were Bryanium, Alalcomenae, and Stubara. And Cydrae belonged to the Brygi, while Aeginium, on the border of Aethicia and Tricca,70 belonged to the Tymphaei. When one is already near to Macedonia and to Thessaly, and in the neighborhood of the Poeus and the Pindus Mountains, one comes to the country of the Aethices and to the sources of the Peneius River, the possession of which is disputed by the Tymphaei and those Thessalians who live at the foot of the Pindus, and to the city Oxineia, situated on the Ion River one hundred and twenty stadia from Azorus in Tripolitis. Near by are Alalcomenae, Aeginium, Europus, and the confluence of the Ion River with the Peneius. Now although in those earlier times, as I have said, all Epeirus and the Illyrian country were rugged and full of mountains, such as Tomarus and Polyanus and several others, still they were populous; but at the present time desolation prevails in most parts, while the parts that are still inhabited survive only in villages and in ruins. And even the oracle at Dodona,71 like the rest, is virtually extinct.
[10] This oracle, according to Ephorus, was founded by the Pelasgi. And the Pelasgi are called the earliest of all peoples who have held dominion in Greece. And the poet speaks in this way:
“O Lord Zeus, Dodonaean, Pelasgian”;72 and Hesiod: “He came to Dodona and the oak-tree, seat of the Pelasgi.”73 The Pelasgi I have already discussed in my description of Tyrrhenia;74 and as for the people who lived in the neighborhood of the temple of Dodona, Homer too makes it perfectly clear from their mode of life, when he calls them “men with feet unwashen, men who sleep upon the ground,”75 that they were barbarians; but whether one should call them “Helli,” as Pindar does, or “Selli,” as is conjectured to be the true reading in Homer, is a question to which the text, since it is doubtful, does not permit a positive answer. Philochorus says that the region round about Dodona, like Euboea, was called Hellopia, and that in fact Hesiod speaks of it in this way: “There is a land called Hellopia, with many a corn-field and with goodly meadows; on the edge of this land a city called Dodona hath been built.”76 It is thought, Apollodorus says, that the land was so called from the marshes77 around the temple; as for the poet, however, Apollodorus takes it for granted that he did not call the people who lived about the temple “Helli,” but “Selli,” since (Apollodorus adds) the poet also named a certain river Selleeïs. He names it, indeed, when he says, “From afar, out of Ephyra, from the River Selleeïs”78 ; however, as Demetrius of Scepsis says, the poet is not referring to the Ephyra among the Thesprotians, but to that among the Eleians, for the Selleeïs is among the Eleians, he adds, and there is no Selleeïs among the Thesprotians, nor yet among the Molossi. And as for the myths that are told about the oak-tree and the doves, and any other myths of the kind, although they, like those told about Delphi, are in part more appropriate to poetry, yet they also in part properly belong to the present geographical description. [11] In ancient times, then, Dodona was under the rule of the Thesprotians; and so was Mount Tomarus,79 or Tmarus (for it is called both ways), at the base of which the temple is situated. And both the tragic poets and Pindar have called Dodona “Thesprotian Dodona.” But later on it came under the rule of the Molossi. And it is after the Tomarus, people say, that those whom the poet calls interpreters of Zeus--whom he also calls “men with feet unwashen, men who sleep upon the ground”80 --were called “tomouroi”; and in the Odyssey some so write the words of Amphinomus, when he counsels the wooers not to attack Telemachus until they inquire of Zeus:
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 2, 2008 0:29:00 GMT -5
“If the tomouroi of great Zeus approve, I myself shall slay, and I shall bid all the rest to aid, whereas if god averts it, I bid you stop.”81 For it is better, they argue, to write “tomouroi” than “themistes”; at any rate, nowhere in the poet are the oracles called “themistes,” but it is the decrees, statutes, and laws that are so called; and the people have been called “tomouroi” because “tomouroi” is a contraction of “tomarouroi,” the equivalent of “tomarophylakes.”82 Now although the more recent critics say “tomouroi,” yet in Homer one should interpret “themistes” (and also “boulai”) in a simpler way, though in a way that is a misuse of the term, as meaning those orders and decrees that are oracular, just as one also interprets “themistes” as meaning those that are made by law. For example, such is the case in the following: “to give ear to the decree83 of Zeus from the oak-tree of lofty foliage.84 [12] At the outset, it is true, those who uttered the prophecies were men (this too perhaps the poet indicates, for he calls them “hypophetae,”85 and the prophets might be ranked among these), but later on three old women were designated as prophets, after Dione also had been designated as temple-associate of Zeus. Suidas,86 however, in his desire to gratify the Thessalians with mythical stories, says that the temple was transferred from Thessaly, from the part of Pelasgia which is about Scotussa (and Scotussa does belong to the territory called Thessalia Pelasgiotis), and also that most of the women whose descendants are the prophetesses of today went along at the same time; and it is from this fact that Zeus was also called “Pelasgian.” But Cineas tells a story that is still more mythical. . .Fr. 1
Cineas87 says that there was a city in Thessaly,88 and that an oak-tree and the oracle of Zeus were transferred from there to Epeirus.
Fr. 1a
In earlier times the oracle was in the neighborhood of Scotussa, a city of Pelasgiotis; but when the tree was set on fire by certain people the oracle was transferred in accordance with an oracle which Apollo gave out at Dodona. However, he gave out the oracle, not through words, but through certain symbols, as was the case at the oracle of Zeus Ammon in Libya. Perhaps there was something exceptional about the flight of the three pigeons from which the priestesses were wont to make observations and to prophesy. It is further said that in the language of the Molossians and the Thesprotians old women are called "peliai"89 and old men "pelioi."90 And perhaps the much talked of Peleiades were not birds, but three old women who busied themselves about the temple.
Fr. 1b
I mentioned Scotussa also in my discussion of Dodona and of the oracle in Thessaly, because the oracle was originally in the latter region.
Fr. 1c
According to the Geographer, a sacred oak tree is revered in Dodona, because it was thought to be the earliest plant created and the first to supply men with food. And the same writer also says in reference to the oracular doves there, as they are called, that the doves are observed for the purposes of augury, just as there were some seers who divined from ravens.
Fr. 2
Among the Thesprotians and the Molossians old women are called "peliai" and old men "pelioi," as is also the case among the Macedonians; at any rate, those people call their dignitaries "peligones" (compare the "gerontes"91 among the Laconians and the Massaliotes).92 And this, it is said, is the origin of the myth about the pigeons in the Dodonaean oak-tree.
Fr. 3
The proverbial phrase, "the copper vessel in Dodona,"93 originated thus: In the temple was a copper vessel with a statue of a man situated above it and holding a copper scourge, dedicated by the Corcyraeans; the scourge was three-fold and wrought in chain fashion, with bones strung from it; and these bones, striking the copper vessel continuously when they were swung by the winds, would produce tones so long that anyone who measured the time from the beginning of the tone to the end could count to four hundred. Whence, also, the origin of the proverbial term, "the scourge of the Corcyraeans."
Fr. 4
Paeonia is on the east of these tribes and on the west of the Thracian mountains, but it is situated on the north of the Macedonians; and, by the road that runs through the city Gortynium94 and Stobi,95 it affords a passage to . . .96 (through which the Axius97 flows, and thus makes difficult the passage from Paeonia to Macedonia--just as the Peneius flows through Tempe and thus fortifies Macedonia on the side of Greece). And on the south Paeonia borders on the countries of the Autariatae, the Dardanii, and the Ardiaei; and it extends as far as the Strymon.
Fr. 5
The Haliacmon98 flows into the Thermaean Gulf.
Fr. 6
Orestis is of considerable extent, and has a large mountain which reaches as far as Mount Corax99 in Aetolia and Mount Parnassus, About this mountain dwell the Orestae themselves, the Tymphaei, and the Greeks outside the isthmus that are in the neighborhood of Parnassus, Oeta, and Pindus. As a whole the mountain is called by a general name, Boëum, but taken part by part it has many names. People say that from the highest peaks one can see both the Aegaean Sea and the Ambracian and Ionian Gulfs, but they exaggerate, I think. Mount Pteleum, also, is fairly high; it is situated around the Ambracian Gulf, extending on one side as far as the Corcyraean country and on the other to the sea at Leucas.
Fr. 7
Corcyra is proverbially derided as a joke because it was humbled by its many wars.
Fr. 8
Corcyra in early times enjoyed a happy lot and had a very large naval force, but was ruined by certain wars and tyrants. And later on, although it was set free by the Romans, it got no commendation, but instead, as an object of reproach, got a proverb: "Corcyra is free, dung where thou wilt."
Fr. 9
There remain of Europe, first, Macedonia and the parts of Thrace that are contiguous to it and extend as far as Byzantium; secondly, Greece; and thirdly, the islands that are close by. Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece, yet now, since I am following the nature and shape of the places geographically, I have decided to classify it apart from the rest of Greece and to join it with that part of Thrace which borders on it and extends as far as the mouth of the Euxine and the Propontis. Then, a little further on, Strabo mentions Cypsela and the Nebrus River, and also describes a sort of parallelogram in which the whole of Macedonia lies.
Fr. 10
Macedonia is bounded, first, on the west, by the coastline of the Adrias; secondly, on the east, by the meridian line which is parallel to this coastline and runs through the outlets of the Nebrus River and through the city Cypsela; thirdly, on the north, by the imaginary straight line which runs through the Bertiscus Mountain,100 the Scardus,101 the Orbelus,102 the Rhodope,103 and the Haemus;104 for these mountains, beginning at the Adrias, extend on a straight line as far as the Euxine, thus forming towards the south a great peninsula which comprises Thrace together with Macedonia, Epeirus, and Achaea; and fourthly, on the south, by the Egnatian Road,105 which runs from the city Dyrrhachium towards the east as far as Thessaloniceia. And thus106 the shape of Macedonia is very nearly that of a parallelogram.
Fr. 11
What is now called Macedonia was in earlier times called Emathia. [/u]And it took its present name from Macedon, one of its early chieftains. And there was also a city Emathia close to the sea. Now a part of this country was taken and held by certain of the Epeirotes and the Illyrians, but most of it by the Bottiaei and the Thracians. The Bottiaei came from Brete originally, so it is said,107 along with Botton as chieftain. As for the Thracians, the Pieres inhabited Pieria and the region about Olympus; the Paeones, the region on both sides of the Axius River, which on that account is called Amphaxitis; the Edoni and Bisaltae, the rest of the country as far as the Strymon. Of these two peoples the latter are called Bisaltae alone, whereas a part of the Edoni are called Mygdones, a part Edones, and a part Sithones. But of all these tribes the Argeadae,108 as they are called, established themselves as masters, and also the Chalcidians of Euboea; for the Chalcidians of Euboea also came over to the country of the Sithones and jointly peopled about thirty cities in it, although later on the majority of them were ejected and came together into one city, Olynthus; and they were named the Thracian Chalcidians.
Fr. 11a
The ethnic109 of Botteia110 is spelled with the "i",111 according to Strabo in his Seventh Book. And the city is called112 after Botton the Cretan.113
Fr. 11b
Amphaxion. Two parts of speech.114 A city. The ethnic of Amphaxion is Amphaxites.
Fr. 12
The Peneius forms the boundary between Lower Macedonia, or that part of Macedonia which is close to the sea, and Thessaly and Magnesia; the Haliacmon forms the boundary of Upper Macedonia; and the Haliacmon also, together with the Erigon and the Axius and another set of rivers, form the boundary of the Epeirotes and the Paeonians.
Fr. 12a
For if, according to the Geographer, Macedonia stretches from the Thessalian Pelion and Peneius towards the interior as far as Paeonia and the Epeirote tribes, and if the Greeks had at Troy an allied force from Paeonia, it is difficult to conceive that an allied force came to the Trojans from the aforesaid more distant part of Paeonia.
Fr. 13
Of the Macedonian coastline, beginning at the recess of the Thermaean Gulf and at Thessaloniceia, there are two parts--one extending towards the south as far as Sunium and the other towards the east as far as the Thracian Chersonese, thus forming at the recess a sort of angle. Since Macedonia extends in both directions, I must begin with the part first mentioned. The first portion, then, of this part--I mean the region of Sunium--has above it Attica together with the Megarian country as far as the Crisaean Gulf; after this is that Boeotian coastline which faces Euboea, and above this coast-line lies the rest of Boeotia, extending in the direction of the west, parallel to Attica. And he115 says that the Egnatian Road, also, beginning at the Ionian Gulf, ends at Thessaloniceia.
Fr. 14
As for the ribbon-like116 stretches of land, he117 says, I shall first mark off the boundary of the peoples who live in the one which is beside the sea near the Peneius and the Haliacmon. Now the Peneius flows from the Pindus Mountain through the middle of Thessaly towards the east; and after it passes through the cities of the Lapithae and some cities of the Perrhaebians, it reaches Tempe, after having received the waters of several rivers, among which is the Europus, which the poet called Titaresius,118 since it has its sources in the Titarius Mountain; the Titarius Mountain joins Olympus, and thence Olympus begins to mark the boundary between Macedonia and Thessaly; for Tempo is a narrow glen between Olympus and Ossa, and from these narrows the Peneius flows for a distance of forty stadia with Olympus, the loftiest mountain in Macedonia, on the left, and with Ossa, near the outlets of the river, on the right. So then, Gyrton, the Perrhaebian and Magnetan city in which Peirithoüs and Ixion reigned, is situated near the outlets of the Peneius on the right; and the city of Crannon lies at a distance of as much as one hundred stadia from Gyrton; and writers say that when the poet says,
"Verily these twain from Thrace"119 and what follows, he means by "Ephyri" the Crannonians and by "Phlegyae" the Gyrtonians. But Pieria is on the other side of the Peneius. Fr. 15
The Peneius River rises in the Pindus Mountain and flows through Tempo and through the middle of Thessaly and of the countries of the Lapithae and the Perrhaebians, and also receives the waters of the Europus River, which Homer called Titaresius; it marks the boundary between Macedonia120 on the north and Thessaly on the south. But the source-waters of the Europus rise in the Titarius Mountain, which is continuous with Olympus. And Olyunpus belongs to Macedonia, whereas Ossa and Pelion belong to Thessaly.
Fr. 15a
The Peneius rises, according to the Geographer, in that part of the Pindus Mountain about which the Perrhaebians live. . . . And Strabo also makes the following statements concerning the Peneius: The Peneius rises in the Pindus; and leaving Tricca on the left it flows around Atrax and Larissa, and after receiving the rivers in Thessaly passes on through Tempe. And he says that the Peneius flows through the center of Thessaly, receiving many rivers, and that in its course it keeps Olympus on the left and Ossa on the right. And at its outlets, on the right, is a Magnetan city, Gyrton, in which Peirithoüs and Ixion reigned; and not far from Gyrton is a city Crannon, whose citizens were called by a different name, "Ephyri," just' as the citizens of Gyrton were called "Phlegyae."
Fr. 16
Below the foot-hills of Olympus, along the Peneius River, lies Gyrton, the Perrhaebian and Magnetan city, in which Peirithoüs and Ixion ruled; and Crannon is at a distance of one hundred stadia from Gyrton, and writers say that when the poet says,
"Verily these twain from Thrace,"121 he means by "Ephyri" the Crannonians and by "Phlegyae" the Gyrtonians.122 Fr. 16a
The city of Crannon is at a distance of one hundred stadia from Gyrton, according to Strabo.
Fr. 16b
Homolium, a city of Macedonia and Magnesia. Strabo in his Seventh Book.
Fr. 16c
I have said in my description of Macedonia that Homolium is close to Ossa and is where the Peneius, flowing through Tempe, begins to discharge its waters.123
Fr. 16d
There were several different Ephyras, if indeed the Geographer counts as many as nine.124
Fr. 16e
He (the Geographer) speaks of a city Gyrton, a Magnetan city near the outlets of the Peneius.
Fr. 17
The city Dium, in the foot-hills of Olympus, is not on the shore of the Thermaean Gulf, but is at a distance of as much as seven stadia from it. And the city Dium has a village near by, Pimpleia, where Orpheus lived.
Fr. 18
At the base of Olympus is a city Dium. And it has a village near by, Pimpleia. Here lived Orpheus, the Ciconian, it is said--a wizard who at first collected money from his music, together with his soothsaying and his celebration of the orgies connected with the mystic initiatory rites, but soon afterwards thought himself worthy of still greater things and procured for himself a throng of followers and power. Some, of course, received him willingly, but others, since they suspected a plot and violence, combined against him and killed him. And near here, also, is Leibethra.
Fr. 19
In the early times the soothsayers also practised music.
Fr. 20
After Dium come the outlets of the Haliacmon; then Pydna, Methone, Alorus, and the Erigon and Ludias Rivers. The Erigon flows from the country of the Triclari125 through that of the Orestae and through Pellaea, leaves the city on the left,126 and meets the Axius; the Ludias is navigable inland to Pella, a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia. Methone, which lies between the two cities, is about forty stadia from Pydna and seventy from Alorus. Alorus is in the inmost recess of the Thermaean Gulf, and it is called Thessaloniceia because of its fame.127 Now Alorus is regarded as a Bottiaean city, whereas Pydna is regarded as a Pierian.128 Pella belongs to lower Macedonia, which the Bottiaei used to occupy; in early times the treasury of Macedonia was here. Philip enlarged it from a small city, because he was reared in it. It has a headland in what is called Lake Ludias; and it is from this lake that the Ludias River issues, and the lake itself is supplied by an offshoot of the Axius. The Axius empties between Chalastra and Therma; and on this river lies a fortified place which now is called Abydon, though Homer calls it Amydon, and says that the Paeonians went to the aid of Troy from there,
"from afar, out of Amydon, from wide-flowing Axius."129 The place was destroyed by the Argeadae. Fr. 20a
Abydon, Abydonis; a place in Macedonia, according to Strabo.
Fr. 21
The Axius is a muddy stream; but Homer130 calls it "water most fair," perhaps on account of the spring called Aea, which, since it empties purest water into the Axius, proves that the present current reading131 of the passage in the poet is faulty. After the Axius, at a distance of twenty stadia, is the Echedorus;132 then, forty stadia farther on, Thessaloniceia, founded by Gassander, and also the Egnatian Road. Cassander named the city after his wife Thessalonice, daughter of Philip son of Amyntas, after he had razed to the ground the towns in Crusis and those on the Thermaean Gulf, about twenty-six in number, and had settled all the inhabitants together in one city; and this city is the metropolis of what is now Macedonia. Among those included in the settlement were Apollonia, Chalastra, Therma, Garescus, Aenea, and Cissus; and of these one might suspect that Cissus belonged to Cisses,133 whom the poet mentions in speaking of Iphidamas,
"whom Cisses reared."134 Fr. 21a
Crusis; a portion of Mygdonia. Strabo in his Seventh Book.
Fr. 21b
Chalastra: a city of Thrace near the Thormaean Gulf--though Strabo, in his Seventh Book, calls it a city of Macedonia.
Fr. 22
After the city Dium comes the Haliacmon River, which empties into the Thermaean Gulf. And the part after this, the seaboard of the gulf towards the north as far as the Axius River, is called Pieria, in which is the city Pydna, now called Citrum. Then come the cities Methone and Alorus. Then the Rivers Erigon and Ludias; and from135 Ludias to the city of Pella the river is navigable, a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia. Methone is forty stadia distant from Pydna and seventy stadia from Alorus. Now Pydna is a Pierian city, whereas Alorus is Bottiaean.136 Now it was in the plain before Pydna that the Romans defeated Perseus in war and destroyed the kingdom of the Macedonians, and it was in the plain before Methone that Philip the son of Amyntas, during the siege of the city, had the misfortune to have his right eye knocked out by a bolt from a catapult.
Fr. 23
As for Pella, though it was formerly small, Philip greatly enlarged it, because he was reared in it. It has a lake before it; and it is from this lake that the Ludias River flows, and the lake is supplied by an offshoot of the Axius. Then the Axius, dividing both Bottiaea and the land called Amphaxitis, and receiving the Erigon River, discharges its waters between Chalastra and Therma. And on the Anius River lies the place which Homer calls Amydon, saying that the Paeonians went to the aid of Troy from there,
"from afar, out of Amydon, from wide-flowing Axius."137 138 But since the Axius is muddy and since a certain spring rises in Amydon and mingles "water most fair" with it, therefore the next line, "Axius, whose water most fair is spread o'er Aea,"139 140 is changed to read thus, "Axius, o'er which is spread Aea's water most fair"141 ; for it is not the "water most fair" of the Axius that is spread over the face of the earth, but that of the spring o'er the Axius. Fr. 23a
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 2, 2008 0:31:12 GMT -5
cont.
In the phrase 'spread o'er Aiai,' or 'Aian,'142 , some are of the opinion that 'Aea' means, not the earth, but a certain spring, as is clear from what the Geographer says, namely: the Amydon in Homer was later called Abydon, but it was destroyed; and there is a spring near Amydon called Aea, which empties purest water into the Axius; and this river, since it is filled from many rivers, flows muddy. Therefore, he says, the current reading, 'Axius's water most fair spreads o'er Aea,' is faulty, because it is clearly not the water of the Axius that spread o'er the spring, but the reverse. Then the Geographer goes on somewhat gruffly to find fault with the opinion that Aea refers to the earth, and appears disposed to eject such diction from the Homeric poem altogether.
Fr. 24
After the Axius River comes Thessalonica, a city which in earlier times was called Therma. It was founded by Cassander, who named it after his wife, the daughter of Philip the son of Amyntas. And he transferred to it the towns in the surrounding country, as, for instance, Chalastra, Aeuea, Cissus, and also some others. And one might suspect that it was from this Cissus that Homer's Iphidamas came, whose grandfather Cisseus "reared him," Homer says, in Thrace, which now is called Macedonia.
Fr. 25
Mt. Bermium,143 also, is somewhere in this region; in earlier times it was occupied by Briges, a tribe of Thracians; some of these crossed over into Asia and their name was changed to Phryges. After Thessaloniceia come the remaining parts of the Thermaean Gulf as far as Canastraeum;144 this is a headland which forms a peninsula and rises opposite to Magnetis. The name of the peninsula is Pallene; and it has an isthmus five stadia in width, through which a canal is cut. On the isthmus is situated a city founded by the Corinthians, which in earlier times was called Potidaea, although later on it was called Cassandreia, after the same King Cassander,145 who restored it after it had been destroyed. The distance by sea around this peninsula is five hundred and seventy stadia. And further, writers say that in earlier times the giants lived here and that the country was named Phlegra;146 the stories of some are mythical, but the account of others is more plausible, for they tell of a certain barbarous and impious tribe which occupied the place but was broken up by Heracles when, after capturing Troy, be sailed back to his home-land. And here, too, the Trojan women were guilty of their crime, it is said, when they set the ships on fire in order that they might not be slaves to the wives of their captors.147
Fr. 25a
The Geographer points out that the Phrygians too were called Brigians.
Fr. 26
The city Beroea lies in the foot-hills of Mt. Bermium.
Fr. 27
The peninsula Pallene, on whose isthmus is situated the city formerly called Ptidaea and now Cassandreia, was called Phlegra in still earlier times. It used to be inhabited by the giants of whom the myths are told, an impious and lawless tribe, whom Heracles destroyed. It has four cities, Aphytis, Mende, Scione, Sane.
Fr. 27a
The Scepsian148 apparently accepts the opinion neither of this man149 nor of those who suppose them150 to be the Halizoni near Pallene, whom I have mentioned in my description of Macedonia.
Fr. 28
Olynthus was seventy stadia distant from Potidaea.
Fr. 29
The naval station of Olynthus is Macyperna, on the Toronaean Gulf.
Fr. 30
Near Olynthus is a hollow place which is called Cantharolethron151 from what happens there; for when the insect called the Cantharos, which is found all over the country, touches that place, it dies.
Fr. 31
After Cassandreia, in order, comes the remainder of the seaboard of the Toronic Gulf, extending as far as Derrhis. Derrhis is a headland that rises opposite to Canastraeum and forms the gulf; and directly opposite Berrhis, towards the east, are the capes152 of Athos; and between153 is the Singitic Gulf, which is named after Singus, the ancient city that was on it, now in ruins. After this city comes Acanthus, a city situated on the isthmus of Athos; it was founded by the Andrii, and from it many call the gulf the Acanthian Gulf.
Fr. 32
Opposite Canastrum,154 a cape of Pallene, is Derrhis, a headland near Cophus Harbor; and these two mark off the limits of the Toronaean Gulf. And towards the east, again, lies the cape of Athos, which marks off the limit of the Singitic Gulf. And so the gulfs of the Aegaean Sea lie in order, though at some distance from one another, towards the north, as follows: the Maliac, the Pagasitic, the Thermaean, the Toronaean, the Singitic, the Strymonic. The capes are, first, Poseidium, the one between the Maliac and the Pegasitic; secondly, the next one towards the north, Sepias; then the one on Pallene, Canastrum; then Derrhis; then come Nymphaeum, on Athos on the Singitic Gulf, and Acrathos, the cape that is on the Strymonic Gulf (Mt. Athos is between these two capes, and Lemnos is to the east of Mt. Athos); on the north, however, the limit of the Strymonic Gulf is marked by Neapolis.155
Fr. 33
Acanthus, a city on the Singitic Gulf, is on the coast near the canal of Xerxes. Athos has five cities, Dium, Cleonae, Thyssus, Olophyxis, Acrothol; and Acrothol is near the crest of Athos. Mt. Athos is breast-shaped, has a very sharp crest, and is very high, since those who live on the crest see the sun rise three hours before it rises on the seaboard. And the distance by sea around the peninsula from the city Acanthus as far as Stageirus,156 the city of Aristotle, is four hundred stadia. On this coast is a harbor, Caprus by name, and also an isle with the same name as the harbor. Then come the outlets of the Strymon; then Phagres, Galepsus, Apollonia, all cities; then the month of the Nestus,157 which is the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace as fixed by Philip and his son Alexander in their times. There is also another set of cities about the Strymonic Gulf, as, for instance, Myrcinus, Argilus, Drabescus, and Datum.158 The last named has not only excellent and fruitful soil but also dock-yards and gold mines; and hence the proverb, "a Datum of good things," like that other proverb, "spools of good things."
Fr. 34
There are very many gold mines in Crenides, where the city Philippi159 now is situated, near Mt. Pangaeum.160 And Mt. Pangaeum as well has gold and silver mines, as also the country across, and the country this side, the Strymon River as far as Paeonia. And it is further said that the people who plough the Paeonian land find nuggets of gold.
Fr. 35
Mt. Athos is high and breast-shaped; so high that on its crests the sun is up and the people are weary of ploughing by the time @#%$-crow161 begins among the people who live on the shore. It was on this shore that Phamyris the Thracian reigned, who was a man of the same pursuits as Orpheus.162 Here, too, is to be seen a canal, in the neighborhood of Acanthus, where Xerxes dug a canal across Athos, it is said, and, by admitting the sea into the canal, brought his fleet across from the Strymonic Gulf through the isthmus. Demetrius of Scepsis, however, does not believe that this canal was navigable, for, he says, although as far as ten stadia the ground is deep-soiled and can be dug, and in fact a canal one plethrum in width has been dug, yet after that it is a flat rock, almost a stadium in length, which is too high and broad to admit of being quarried out through the whole of the distance as far as the sea; but even if it were dug thus far, certainly it could not be dug deep enough to make a navigable passage; this, he adds, is where Alexarchus, the son of Antipater,163 laid the foundation of Uranopolis, with its circuit of thirty stadia. Some of the Pelasgi from Lemnos took up their abode on this peninsula, and they were divided into five cities, Cleonae, Olophyxis, Acrothoï, Dium, Thyssus. After Athos comes the Strymonic Gulf extending as far as the Nestus, the river which marks off the boundary of Macedonia as fixed by Philip and Alexander; to be accurate, however, there is a cape which with Athos forms the Strymonic Gulf, I mean the cape which has had on it a city called Apollonia.164 The first city on this gulf after the harbor of the Acanthians is Stageira, the native city of Aristotle, now deserted; this too belongs to the Chalcidians and so do its harbor, Caprus, and an isle165 bearing the same name as the harbor. Then come the Strymon and the inland voyage of twenty stadia to Amphipolis. Amphipolis was founded by the Athenians and is situated in that place which is called Ennea Hodoi.166 Then come Galepsus and Apollonia, which were razed to the ground by Philip.
Fr. 36
From the Peneius, he says, to Pydna is one hundred and twenty stadia. Along the seaboard of the Strymon and the Dateni are, not only the city Neapolis, but also Datum167 itself, with its fruitful plains, lake, rivers, dock-yards, and profitable gold mines; and hence the proverb, "a Datum of good things," like that other proverb, "spools of good things." Now the country that is on the far side of the Strymon, I mean that which is near the sea and those places that are in the neighborhood of Datum, is the country of the Odomantes and the Edoni and the Bisaltae, both those who are indigenous and those who crossed over from Macedonia, amongst whom Rhesus reigned. Above Amphipolis, however, and as far as the city Heracleia,168 is the country of the Bisaltae, with its fruitful valley; this valley is divided into two parts by the Strymon, which has its source in the country of the Agrianes who live round about Rhodope; and alongside this country lies Parorbelia, a district of Macedonia, which has in its interior, along the valley that begins at Eidonene, the cities Callipolis, Orthopolis, Philippopolis, Garescus.
If one goes up the Strymon, one comes to Berge;169 it, too, is situated in the country of the Bisaltae, and is a village about two hundred stadia distant from Amphipolis. And if one goes from Heracleia towards the north and the narrows through which the Strymon flows, keeping the river on the right, one has Paeonia and the region round about Doberus,170 Rhodope, and the Haemus Mountain on the left, whereas on the right one has the region round about the Haemus.171 This side the Strymon are Scotussa, near the river itself, and Arethusa, near lake Bolbe.172 Furthermore, the name Mygdones is applied especially to the people round about the lake. Not only the Axius flows out of the country of the Paeonians, but also the Strymon, for it flows out of the country of the Agrianes through that of the Medi and Sinti and empties into the parts that are between the Bisaltae and the Odomantes.
Fr. 37
The Strymon River rises in the country of the Agrianes who live round about Rhodope.
Fr. 38
Some represent the Paeonians as colonists from the Phrygians, while others represent them as independent founders. And it is said that Paeonia has extended as far as Pelagonia and Pieria; that Pelagonia was called Orestia in earlier times, that Asteropaeus, one of the leaders who made the expedition from Paeonia to Troy, was not without good reason called "son of Pelegon," and that the Paeonians themselves were called Pelagonians.
Fr. 39
The Homeric
"Asteropaeus son of Pelegon"173 was, as history tells us, from Paeonia in Macedonia; wherefore "son of Pelegon," for the Paeonians were called Pelagonians. Fr. 40
Since the "paeanismos"174 of the Thracians is called "titanismos" by the Greeks, in imitation of the cry175 uttered in paeans, the Titans too were called Pelagonians.
Fr. 41
It is clear that in early times, as now, the Paeonians occupied much of what is now Macedonia, so that they could not only lay siege to Perinthus but also bring under their power all Crestonia and Mygdonis and the country of the Agrianes as far as Pangaeurum.176 Philippi and the region about Philippi lie above that part of the seaboard of the Strymonic Gulf which extends from Galepsus as far as Nestus. In earlier times Pllilippi was called Crenides, and was only a small settlement, but it was enlarged after the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.177
Fr. 42
What is now the city Philippi was called Crenides in early times.
Fr. 43
Off this seaboard lie two islands, Lemnos and Thasos. And after the strait of Thasos one comes to Abdera178 and the scene of the myths connected with Abderus. It was inhabited by the Bistonian Thracians over whom Diomedes ruled. The Nestus River does not always remain in the same bed, but oftentimes floods the country. Then come Dicaea,179 a city situated on a gulf, and a harbor. Above these lies the Bistonis,180 a lake which has a circuit of about two hundred stadia. It is said that, because this plain was altogether a hollow and lower than the sea, Heracles, since he was inferior in horse when he came to get the mares of Diomedes, dug a canal through the shore and let in the water of the sea upon the plain and thus mastered his adversaries. One is shown also the royal residence181 of Diomedes, which, because of its naturally strong position and from what is actually the case, is called Cartera Come.182 After the lake, which is midway between, come Xantheia,183 Maroneia,184 and Ismarus,185 the cities of the Cicones. Ismarus, however, is now called Ismara; it is near Maroneia. And near here, also, Lake Ismaris sends forth its stream; this stream is called Odysseium. And here, too, are what are called the Thasiön Cephalae.186 But the people situated in the interior are Sapaei.
Fr. 44
Topeira is near Abdera and Maroneia.
Fr. 44a
The aforesaid Ismarus, in later times called Ismara, is, they say, a city of the Cicones; it is near Maroneia, where is also a lake, the stream of which is called Odysseium; here too is a hero-temple of Maron, as the Geographer records.
Fr. 45
The Sinti, a Thracian tribe, inhabit the island Lemnos; and from this fact Homer calls them Sinties, when he says,
"where me the Sinties . . ."187 188 Fr. 45a
Lemnos: first settled by the Thracians who were called Sinties, according to Strabo.
Fr. 46
After the Nestus River, towards the east, is the city Abdera, named after Abderus, whom the horses of Diomedes devoured; then, near by, the city Picaea, above which lies a great lake, Bistonis; then the city Maroneia.
Fr. 47
Thrace as a whole consists of twenty-two tribes. But although it has been devastated to an exceptional degree, it can send into the field fifteen thousand cavalry and also two hundred thousand infantry. After Maroneis one comes to the city Orthagoria and to the region about Serrhium189 (a rough coastingvoyage) and to Tempyra, the little town of the Samothracians, and to Caracoma,190 another little town, off which lies the island Samothrace, and to Imbros, which is not very far from Samothrace; Thasos, however, is more than twice as far from Samothrace as Imbros is. From Caracoma one comes to Doriscus,191 where Xerxes enumerated his army; then to the Hebrus, which is navigable inland to Cypsela,192 a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia. This, he193 says, was the boundary of the Macedonia which the Romans first took away from Perseus and afterwards from the Pseudo-Philip.194 Now Paulus,195 who captured Perseus, annexed the Epeirotic tribes to Macedonia, divided the country into four parts for purposes of administration, and apportioned one part to Amphipolis, another to Thessaloniceia, another to Pella, and another to the Pelagonians. Along the Hebrus live the Corpili, and, still farther up the river, the Brenae, and then, farthermost of all, the Bessi, for the river is navigable thus far. All these tribes are given to brigandage, but most of all the Bessi, who, He196 says, are neighbors to the Odrysae and the Sapaei. Bizye197 was the royal residence of the Astae. The term "Odrysae" is applied by some to all the peoples living above the seaboard from the Hebrus and Cypsela as far as Odessus198 --the peoples over whom Amadocus, Cersobleptes, Berisades, Seuthes, and Cotys reigned as kings.
Fr. 47a
Odrysae: a tribe of Thrace; Strabo in his Seventh Book.
Fr. 47b
The Geographer, in pointing out the great extent of Thrace, says also that Thrace as a whole consists of twenty-two tribes.
Fr. 48
The river in Thrace that is now called Rheginia used to be called Erigon.
Fr. 49
Iasion and Dardanus, two brothers, used to live in Samothrace. But when Iasion was struck by a thunderbolt because of his sin against Demeter, Dardanus sailed away from Samothrace, went and took up his abode at the foot of Mount Ida, calling the city Dardania, and taught the Trojans the Samothracian Mysteries. In earlier times, however, Samothrace was called Samos.
Fr. 50
Many writers have identified the gods that are worshipped in Samothrace with the Cabeiri, though they cannot say who the Cabeiri themselves are, just as the Cyrbantes and Corybantes, and likewise the Curetes and the Idaean Dactyli, are identified with them.
Fr. 50a
This Thracian island, according to the Geographer, is called Samos because of its height; for "samoi," he says, means "heights." . . . And the Geographer says that in olden times Samians from Mycale settled in the island, which had been deserted because of a dearth of crops, and that in this way it was called Samos. . . . And the Geographer records also that in earlier times Samothrace was called Melite, as also that it was rich; for Cilician pirates, he says, secretly broke into the temple in Samothrace, robbed it, and carried off more than a thousand talents.
Fr. 51
Near the outlet of the Hebrus, which has two mouths, lies the city Aenus,199 on the Melas Gulf;200 it was founded by Mitylenaeans and Cumaeans, though in still earlier times by Alopeconnesians. Then comes Cape Sarpedon; then what is called the Thracian Chersonesus, which forms the Propontis and the Melas Gulf and the Hellespont; for it is a cape which projects towards the south-east, thus connecting Europe with Asia by the strait, seven stadia wide, which is between Abydus and Sestus, and thus having on the left the Propontis and on the right the Melas Gulf--so called, just as Herodotus201 and Eudoxus say, from the Melas River202 which empties into it. But Herodotus,203 he204 says, states that this stream was not sufficient to supply the army of Xerxes. The aforesaid cape is closed in by an isthmus forty stadia wide. Now in the middle of the isthmus is situated the city Lysimacheia, named after the king who founded it; and on either side of it lies a city--on the Melas Gulf, Cardia, the largest of the cities on the Chersonesus, founded by Milesians and Clazomenians but later refounded by Athenians, and on the Propontis, Pactye. And after Cardia come Drabus and Limnae; then Alopeconnesus, in which the Melas Gulf comes approximately to an end; then the large headland, Mazusia; then, on a gulf, Eleus,205 where is the temple of Protesilaus, opposite which, forty stadia distant, is Sigeium,206 a headland of the Troad; and this is about the most southerly extremity of the Chersonesus, being slightly more than four hundred stadia from Cardia; and if one sails around the rest of the circuit, towards the other side of the isthmus, the distance is slightly more than this.
Fr. 51a
Aenus; a city of Thrace, called Apsinthus. Strabo in his Seventh Book. The city Aenus is in the outlet of the Hebrus, which has two mouths, and was founded by Cumaeans; and it was so called because there was an Aenius River and also a village of the same name near Ossa.
Fr. 52
The Thracian Chersonesus forms three seas: the Propontis in the north, the Hellespont in the east, and the Melas Gulf in the south, into which empties the Melas River, which bears the same name as the gulf.
Fr. 53
On the isthmus of the Chersonesus are situated three cities: near the Melas Gulf, Cardia, and near the Propontis, Pactye, and near the middle, Lysimacheia. The length207 of the isthmus is forty stadia.
Fr. 54
The name of the city Eleus is masculine; and perhaps also that of the city Trapesus.
Fr. 55
On this voyage along the coast of the Chersonesus after leaving Eleus, one comes first to the entrance which leads through the narrows into the Propontis; and this entrance is called the beginning of the Hellespont. And here is the cape called the Cynos-Sema;208 though some call it Hecabe's Sema, and in fact her tomb is pointed out after one has doubled the cape. Then one comes to Madytus, and to Cape Sestias, where the pontoon bridge of Xerxes was built; and, after these, to Sestus. The distance from Eleus to the place of the pontoon-bridge is one hundred and seventy stadia. After Sestus one comes to Aegospotami, eighty209 stadia, a town which has been razed to the ground, where it is said, the stone210 fell at the time of the Persian war. Then comes Callipolis,211 from which the distance across to Lampsacus in Asia is forty stadia; then Crithote, a little town which has been razed to the ground; then Pactye; then Macron Teichos,"212 Leuce Acte,213 Hieron Oros,214 and Perinthus, founded by the Samians: then Selybria.215 Above these places lies Silta;216 and the Hieron Oros is revered by all the natives and is a sort of acropolis of the country. The Hieron Oros discharges asphalt into the sea, near the place where the Proconnesus,217 only one hundred and twenty stadia distant, is nearest to the land; and the quarry of white marble in the Proconnesus is both large and excellent. After Selybria come the Rivers Athyras and Bathynias; and then, Byzantium and the places which come in order thereafter as far as the Cyanean Rocks.
Fr. 55a
As for Sestus and the whole of the Chersonesus, I have already discussed them in my description of the regions of Thrace.
Fr. 55b
Sestus, a colony of the Lesbians, as is also Madytus, as the Geographer says, is a Chersonesian city thirty stadia distant from Abydus, from harbor to harbor.
Fr. 56
The distance from Perinthus to Byzantium is six hundred and thirty stadia; but from the Hebrus and Cypsela to Byzantium, as far as the Cyanean Rocks, three thousand one hundred, as Artemidorus says; and the entire distance from the Ionian Gulf at Apollonia as far as Byzantium is seven thousand three hundred and twenty stadia, though Polybius adds one hundred and eighty more, since he adds a third of a stadium to the eight stadia in the mile. Demetrius of Scepsis, however, in his work On the Marshalling of the Trojan Forces218 calls the distance from Perinthus to Byzantium six hundred stadia and the distance to Parium equal thereto; and he represents the Propontis as one thousand four hundred stadia in length and five hundred in breadth; while as for the Hellespont, he calls its narrowest breadth seven stadia and its length four hundred.
Fr. 57
There is no general agreement in the definition of the term "Hellespont": in fact, there are several opinions concerning it. For some writers call "Hellespont" the whole of the Propontis; others, that part of the Propontis which is this side Perinthus; others go on to add that part of the outer sea which faces the Melas Gulf and the open waters of the Aegaean Sea, and these writers in turn each comprise different sections in their definitions, some the part from Sigeium to Lampsacus and Cysicus, or Parium, or Priapus, another going on to add the part which extends from Sigrium in the Lesbian Isle. And some do not shrink even from applying the name Hellespont to the whole of the high sea as far as the Myrtoan Sea, since, as Pindar219 says in his hymns, those who were sailing with Heracles from Troy through Helle's maidenly strait, on touching the Myrtoan Sea, ran back again to Cos, because Zephyrus blew contrary to their course. And in this way, also, they require that the whole of the Aegaean Sea as far as the Thermaean Gulf and the sea which is about Thessaly and Macedonia should be called Hellespont, invoking Homer also as witness; for Homer says,
"thou shalt see, if thou dost wish and hast a care therefor, my ships sailing o'er the fishy Hellespont at very early morn"220 ; but such an argument is refuted by those other lines, "the hero,221 son of Imbrasus, who, as we know, had come from Aenus,"222 but he was the leader of the Thracians,223 "all who are shut in by strong-flowing Hellespont";224 that is, Homer would represent those225 who are situated next after these226 as situated outside the Hellespont; that is, Aenus lies in what was formerly called Apsinthis, though now called Corpilice, whereas the country of the Cicones lies next thereafter towards the west.227 Fr. 58
Corpili: certain of the Thracians. Strabo, Seventh Book; their country is called Corpilice; for Aenus lies in what was formerly called Apsinthis, though now called Corpilice.
Fr. 59
Tetrachoritae: the Bessi, according to Strabo in his Seventh Book. These are also called Tetracomi.
Fr. 60
For he228 says in the Seventh Book of the same work229 that he knew Poseidonius, the Stoic philosopher.230
cont.
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Post by Emperor AAdmin on Jan 2, 2008 0:31:41 GMT -5
------------------------------------------------------------ 1 See 7. 5. 1. 2 See 8. 3. 31, 4. 4, 5. 5 and 12. 8. 2. 3 See the quotation from Hesiod (2 following) and footnote on “peoples.” 4 See 8. 6. 9, 10. 5 son of Poseidon, king of the Thracians, and reputed founder of the Eleusinian Mysteries.6 See 9. 3. 13. 7 Thebes and surrounding territory (9. 2. 3, 32). 8 Pind. Fr. Dith. 83 (Bergk) 9 Strabo identifies “Hyantes” with “Syes”=“Hyes,” i.e. “swine.” 10 5. 2. 4. 11 Only fragments of this work are now extant (see Didot Edition, Vol. IV, pp. 219-296). 12 Now Santa Maura (cp. 10. 2. 2). 13 In the Greek word for “peoples” (laous) Hesoid alludes to the Greek word for “stones” (laas). Pindar (Olymp. 9. 46 ff.) clearly derives the former word from the latter: “Pyrrha and Deucalion, without bed of marriage, founded a Stone Race, who were called Laoi.” One might now infer that the resemblance of the two words gave rise to the myth of the stones. 14 Hes. Fr. 141.3 (Paulson 15 That is, of “Lelges.” In the Greek the root leg appears in (1) “Leleges.” (2) “picked,” and (3) “collection.” 16 Now standing empty. 17 Polybius 30.16. 18 Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus (consul 182 and 168 B.C.) in 168 B.C. 19 See 7. 7. 8. 20 Now Ipsala. 21 Now the Maritza. 22 Or, as we should say, the junction of the roas is equidistant from the two places. 23 Now Ochrida. 24 Now the Neretschka Planina Mountain. 25 Heracleia Lyncestis; now Monastir. 26 Now Vodena. 27 The capital of Macedonia; now in ruins and called Hagii Apostoli. 28 Now Thessaloniki or Saloniki. 29 The Gulf of Arta. 30 Now the Struma. 31 Now the Sea of Marmara. 32 Now the Gulf of Saros. 33 Now Cape Colonna. 34 Now the Gulf of Saloniki. 35 Now the Mesta. 36 See footnote on 6.. 1. 7. 37 Aeacus was son of Zeus and Aegina, was king of the Isle of Aegina, was noted for his justice and piety, and was finally made one of the three judges in Hades. 38 Dodona was situated to the south of Lake Pambotis (now Janina), near what is now Dramisi. 39 See 2. 5. 20, 2. 5. 29, 5. 3. 6. 40 Now Panormo. 41 Now Santi Quaranta. 42 Now Kerkyra or Corfu. 43 “Cassope” is probably the correct spelling; now Cassopo, the name of a harbor and cape of Corfu. 44 Now Cape Drasti, at the southern end of Corfu. 45 In Thesprotia (see Ptolemaeus 3.13.3); now Cape Scala. 46 Now Butrinto. 47 Now called the Syvota. 48 “Sweet Harbor”; now Port Splantza (Phanari). 49 Now the Phanariotikos. 50 Now Lago di Fusaro. 51 Now the Kalamas. 52 The exact side of Cichyrus is uncertain (see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. “Ephyre”). 53 Now Phiniki. 54 Now Gomaro. 55 In width. 56 Now in ruins near Prevesa. 57 In the Battle of Actium, 31 B.C. 58 Now Arta. 59 Otherwise called Arachthus; now the Arta. 60 “Victory-city.” 61 the Ludi Quinquennales, celebrated every four years (see Dio Cassius 51.1). 62 So in the course of time games at numerous places (including Athens, Ephesus, Naples, Smyrna, Tarsus) came to be called “Olympian” in imitation of those at Olympia. The actual term used, for those at Tarsus at least, was Isolumpia, “equal to the Olympian” (C. I. 4472). 63 Thuc. 2.68. 64 The site of Damstium is unknown. Imhoof-Blumer (Ztschr. f. Numism. 1874, Vol. I. pp. 99 ff.) think that is might be identified with what is now Tepeleni, on the Viosa River. But so far as is now known, there is no silver ore in Epeirus or Southern Illyria. Philippson (Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. “Damastion”) suggests that Argyrium (now Argyrocastro, on the Viosa) might be connected with the presence of silver. 65 That is, to those of the Macedonians. 66 See 7. 7. 4. 67 See 7. 7. 4. 68 Now Ochrida. 69 “Country of three cities.” 70 Now Trikala. 71 See articles s.v. “Dodona” in Pauly-Wissowa and Encyclopedia Britannica. 72 Hom. Il. 16.233 73 Hes. Fr. 212 (Rzach) 74 5. 2. 4. 75 Hom. Il. 16.235. 76 Hes. Fr. 134 (Rzach) 77 The Greek for marshes is “Hele.” 78 Hom. Il. 2.659; 15.531 79 Now Mt. Olytsika. 80 Hom. Il. 16.235. 81 Hom. Od. 16.403 82 “Guardians of Mt. Tomarus.” 83 “Boulê.” 84 Hom. 14.328 85 “interpreters.” 86 Little is known of this Suidas except that he wrote a History of Thessaly and a History of Euboea. 87 Corais and Groskurd offer only 27 Fragments; Kramer has 57, his numbers running from 1 to 58 inclusive, except that number 42 is missing; Müller-Dübner have the same 57, though they correct the numbering from 42 to 57; Meineke, like Kramer, has no number 42, but changes Kramer's 1 to 1a and inserts seven new fragments,1, 11a, 16a, 16b, 23a, 58a, and 58b (the last two being 59 and 60 in the present edition). The present editor adds 28 more. Of these, five (1b, 16c, 27a, 55a, 61) are quotations from Strabo himself; nine (11b, 20a, 21a, 45a, 47a, 51a, 55b, 58) are from Stephanus Byzantinus; twelve (1c, 12a, 15a, 16d, 16e, 25a, 44a, 47b, 50a, 62, 63, 64) are from the notes of Eustathius on the Iliad and Odyssey; and two (65, 66) from his notes on the geographical poem of Dionysius Periegetes. All these fragments from Eustathius, except no. 62, are citations from "the Geographer," not from "Strabo," and so is 23a, which Meineke inserted; but with the help of the editor, John Paul Prichard, Fellow in Greek and Latin at Cornell University, starting with the able articles of Kunze on this subject (Rheinisches Museum, 1902, LVII, pp. 43 ff. and 1903, LVIII, pp. 126 ff.), has established beyond all doubt that "the Geographer" is "Strabo," and in due time the complete proof will be published. To him the editor is also indebted for fragment no. 66 (hitherto unnoticed, we believe), and for the elimination of certain doubtful passages suggester by Kunze. Meineke's numbers, where different from those of the present edition, are given in parentheses. The rest of Book VII, containing the description of Macedonia and Thrace, has been lost, but the following fragments, gathered chiefly from the Vatican and Palatine Epitomes and from Eustathius, seem to preserve most of the original matter. Manuscript A has already lost a whole quaternion (about 13 Casaubon pages = about 26 Greek pages in the present edition) each of two places, namely, from hê Libuê (2. 5. 26) to peri autês (3. 1. 6) and from kath' hautous to rhentinos enamillos (5. 4. 3). In the present case A leaves off at meta de (7. 7. 5) and resumes at the beginning of Book VIII. Assuming the loss of a third quaternion from A, and taking into account that portion of it which is preserved in other manuscripts, Onchêsmon (7. 7. 5) to muthôdesteron (7. 7. 12), only about one-sixth of Book VII is missing; and if this is true the fragments here, although they contain some repetitions, account for most of the original matter of the missing one-sixth. 88 i.e., a city called Dodona. 89 "Pigeons." 90 "Pigeons." 91 The senators at Sparta were called "gerontes," literally "old men," "senators." 92 Cp. 4. 1. 5. 93 The phrase was used in reference to incessant talkers (Stephanus Byzantinus, s.v. Dôdônê). 94 Gortynium (or Gortynia) was situated in Macedonia, to the south of the narrow pass now called "Demir Kapu," or (in Bulgarian) "Prusak." 95 Now Sirkovo, to the north of the Demir Kapus Pass. 96 The words to be supplied here are almost certainly "the narrow pass on the south." 97 The Vardar. 98 The Vistritza. 99 Vardusia. 100 It is uncertain what mountain Strabo refers to (see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. "Bertiskos"). 101 Now the Char-dagh. 102 Now the Perim-dagh. 103 Now the Despoto-dagh. 104 Now the Balkan Mountains. 105 See 7. 7. 4. 106 Cp. 7. 7. 8. 107 Cp. 6. 3. 2. 108 The name appears to have been derived from the Macedonian Argos, i.e., Argos Oresticum (7. 7. 8). 109 i.e., the name of the tribe which corresponds to the name of the city. 110 "A city in Macedonia" (Etymologicum Magnum, s.v.) 111 i.e., not with the e, as is Botteatês the ethnic of Bottea (see Etym. Magn., l.c.), but with the i, as is Bottiaioi. 112 sc. Botteia. 113 The country was called "Bottiaea" (6. 3. 6), "Bottia," and "Bottiaeis," and the inhabitants "Bottiaei" (6. 3. 2). See Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Bottia and Bottikê and Meritt, Am. Jour. Arch., 1923, pp. 336 ff. 114 i.e., the preposition "amphi" ("on both sides of") and the noun "Axius" (the "Axius" River). 115 sc. Strabo. 116 Cp. 7. 3. 19. 117 sc. Strabo. 118 Hom. Il. 2.751. 119 Hom. Il 13.301 120 Including Lower Macedonia (cp. Frag. 12). 121 Hom. Il. 13.301 122 Cp. Frag. 14. 123 See 9. 5. 22, from which this Fragment is taken. 124 Our text of Strabo mentions only seven. Benseler's Lexicon names nine and Pauly-Wissowa eight. 125 Otherwise unknown. 126 Tafel, Kramer, Meineke, and Forbiger think that Strabo wrote "Pelagonia" instead of "Pellaea" (or "the Pellaean country") and that "the city" which the Erigon leaves "on the left" is Heracleia Lyncestis (now Bitolia), for "Pellaea" seems to be used by no other writer and the Erigon leaves "the city" Pella "on the right," not "on the left." But both this fragment and Frag. 22 contain other errors which seem to defy emendation (cp. C. Müller, Index Variae Lectionis); for example, both make the Haliacmon empty between Dium and Pydna (and so does Ptolemaeus, 3.12). But lack of space requires that this whole matter be reserved for special discussions. 127 The text as it stands seems impossible, for Thessaloniceia, not Alorus, was in the innermost part of the gulf--unless, indeed, we assume that Strabo wrongly identified Alorus with Thessaloniceia. In any case, we should probably interpret "it" as referring to "the Thermaean Gulf" and "its" as meaning "Thessaloniceia's." 128 Cp. Frag. 22. 129 Hom. Il. 2.849 130 Hom. Il. 21.158. 131 See Frag. 23. 132 Now the Gallico. 133 Also spelled "Cisseus" (wrongly, it seems), as in Frag. 24 q.v. 134 Hom. Il. 11.223 135 sc. "the mouth of the" (cp. Frag. 20). 136 Cp. Frag. 20. 137 Hom. Il. 2.849 138 Cp. Frag. 20. 139 Hom. Il. 2.850 140 The usual meaning of "aea" in Homer is "earth." 141 Hom. Il. 2.850 142 The Greek dative and accusative forms, respectively, of Aia). 143 Now Doxa. 144 Cape Paliuri. 145 Cp. Frag. 21. 146 Cp. 5. 4. 4, 6. 147 Cp. 6. 1. 12. 148 Demetrius. 149 Ephorus. 150 The Amazons. 151 "Beetle-death." 152 Cape Nymphaeum (now Hagios Georgios) is meant. 153 Derrhis and Nymphaeum (cp. Frag. 32). 154 The same as "Canastraeum" (Fr. 25 and 31). 155 Now Kavala. 156 Now in ruins near Nizvoro. 157 Now Mesta. 158 See footnote on "Datum," Frag. 36. 159 Now Filibedjik (see footnote on "Datum," Frag. 36. 160 Now Pirnari. 161 The third watch of the night. 162 See Frag. 18. 163 One of the foremost Macedonian generals (b. 497-d. 319 B.C.); also the father of Cassander. 164 The same Apollonia mentioned in Frag. 33. It was razed to the ground by Philip. It must have been somewhere between Neapolis and the mouth of the Nestus. Cp. Frag. 32, where Neapolis is spoken of as marking the northern limit of the gulf. 165 Now Kapronisi. 166 "Nine Roads." 167 Appian Bellum Civile 4.105 and also Harpocration say the Datum was the earlier name of Philippi and that Crenides was the name of the same place in still earlier times. Leake (Northern Greece, Vol. III, pp. 223-4), Kiepert (Alte Geographic 315), Forbiger (Strabo Vol. II, p. 140, footnote, 175), Besnier (Lexique Geog. Ancienne s.v. "Neapolis"), Lolling (Hellenische Landeskunde, 220, 230) identify Datum with Neapolis. But Heuzey (quoted by Philippson, Pauly-Wissowa s.v. "Datum") tries to reconcile these disagreements and the above statement of Strabo by assuming that originally Datum was that territory east of Mt. Pangarum which comprised the Plain of Philippi, the basin of the Angites River (including Drabescus now Drama), and the adjacent coast; and that later Neapolis (now Kavala) was founded on the coast and Datum was founded on the site of Crenides, and still later the city of Datum was named Philippi. 168 Heracleia Sintica (now Zervokhori). 169 Now Tachyno (Leake, Northern Greece, Vol. III, p. 229). 170 The site of the city Doberus is uncertain (see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v.), though it appears to have been somewhere near Tauriana. 171 The text, which even Meineke retains, is translated as it stands, but Strabo probably wrote as follows: "one has Paeonia and the region round about Doberus on the left, whereas on the right one has the parts round about Rhodope and the Haemus Mountain. 172 Now Beschikgoel. 173 Hom. Il. 21.141 174 i.e., "the chanting of the paean." 175 The cry to Titan. 176 See Frag. 34. 177 In 42 B.C., after which it was made a Roman colony. 178 Now Balastra. 179 Now, perhaps, Kurnu. 180 Now Bourougoel. 181 That is, the town of the royal palace, as "Camici" (6. 2. 6) was the "royal residence" of Cocalus. 182 "Strong Village." 183 Xantheia was situated on the mountain now called Xanthi. 184 Now Maronia. 185 Now Ismahan. 186 Literally, "Heads of the Thasii"; referring, apparently, to certain headlands occupied by Thasians. 187 Hom. Il. 1.594 188 cp. Thuc. 2.98. 189 Cape Makri. 190 Caracoma (or Characoma, meaning a fortress?) is otherwise unknown. 191 Now Tulsa. 192 Now Ipsala. 193 sc. Strabo. 194 The younger brother of Perseus, whom Perseus regarded as his heir. 195 Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, in his second consulship, 168 B.C., defeated Perseus near Pydna. 196 sc. Strabo. 197 Bizye (now Viza) was the home of King Tereus (in the story of Philomela and Procne) and was the residence of the last Thracian dynasty, which was of the stock of the Odrysae. 198 Now Varna. 199 Now Enos. 200 Gulf of Saros. 201 7. 58. 202 Now called by the Turks "Kavatch Su." 203 7. 58. 204 sc. Strabo. 205 The better spelling of the name is "Elaeus." 206 Now Yeni-scheher. 207 "Length" here means "breadth" (see Frag. 51). 208 i.e., "pregnant dog's Monument"; according to one story Hecabe (Hecuba) was metamorphosed into a pregnant dog. 209 The text reads "two hundred and eighty," but this is clearly an error of the copyist. 210 On this meteor, see Aristot. Meterologica 1.7, and Pliny Nat. Hist. 2.58. 211 Now Gallipoli. 212 "Long Wall." 213 "White Strand." 214 "Sacred Mountain." 215 Also spelled "Selymbria." 216 What is now Schandu, apparently. 217 Now the Isle of Marmara. 218 This work consisted of thirty books, and was written as an interpretation of Homer's catalogue (62 lines) of the Trojan forces (Hom. Il. 2.816-877), as Strabo says elsewhere (13. 1. 45). 219 Frag. 51 (Bergk). 220 Hom. Il. 9.359 221 Peiroüs. 222 Hom. Il. 4.520 223 Hom. Il. 2.844, 4.519. 224 Hom. Il. 2.845 225 The Cicones, themselves inhabitants of Thraces. 226 The particular Thracians whose territory ended at Aenus, or the Hebrus River. 227 The argument of this misunderstood passage is as follows; Certain writers (1) make the Homeric Thrace extend as far as Crannon and Gyrton in Thessaly (Fr. 14, 16); then (2) interpret Homer as meaning that Peiroüs was the leader of all Thracians; therefore (3) the Homeric Hellespont extends to the southern boundary of Thessaly. But their opponents regard the clause "all who are shut in by strong-flowing Hellespont" as restrictive, that is, as meaning only those Thracians who (as "Aenus" shows) were east of the Cicones, or of Hebrus. Strabo himself seems to lean to the latter view. 228 sc. Strabo. 229 That is, his Geography, previously mentioned. 230 This fragment and its context, as found in Athenaeus 14.75, requires special investigation. If the text of Atheaeus is right, he misquotes Strabo at least once. For the latter "in his Third Book" (3. 4. 11) speaks of "Cantabrian," not "Cibyric," hams. Again, the reading of the Greek text for "he" (in "he knew") present a grammatical problem; Kaibel makes "he" refer to Pompey, but it must in that context, refer to Strabo. And did Strabo really say that he knew Poseidonius? Or could he have known him? (See 16. 2. 10, where Strabo speaks of Poseidonius as "most widely-learned of all philosophers of out times.") Moreover, how could Poseidonius have been an associate of that Scipio (Africanus Minor) who captured Carthage? Is not Atheaeus confusing Poseidonius with Polybius, who was with Scipio at the destruction of Carthage? Or is he not confusing Poseidonius with Panaetius (see Casaubon-Schweighaüser, Animadv. in Athenaeum, Vol. VII, p. 645. ------------------------------------------------------------ There are a total of 11 comments on and cross references to this page. Cross references from The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister): bouchetion [ BOUCHETION (Rogous) S Epeiros, Greece. ] ephyra [ EPHYRA (Ephyre) or Kichyros W Epeiros, Greece. ] ephyra [ EPHYRA (Ephyre) or Kichyros W Epeiros, Greece. ] kastri [ KASTRI (“Batiae”) S Epeiros, Greece. ] onchesmos-s. [ ONCHESMOS S. Albania. ] aktion [ AKTION later AKARNANIAN (Akri) Greece.] nikopolis [ NIKOPOLIS (Palioprevesa) Epeiros, Greece. ] argos-amphilochikon [ ARGOS AMPHILOCHIKON Epeiros, Greece.] aiginion [ AIGINION Thessaly, Greece. ] Cross references from Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898): cervesia [Cervesia, Cervisia] ephebeum [Ephebēum] ------------------------------------------------------------ Preferred URL for linking to this page: www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+7.7.1-The End-
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